SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL AEROSPACE REPORTS
A Biweekly Publication of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
VOLUME 44, ISSUE 14 - JULY 18, 2006
44 ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
Includes specific energy conversion systems, e.g., fuel cells; and solar, geothermal, windpower, and waterwave conversion systems; energy storage; and traditional power generators.
For technologies related to nuclear energy production see 73 Nuclear Physics.
For related information see also 07 Aircraft Propulsion and Power; 20 Spacecraft Propulsion and Power; and 28 Propellants and Fuels.
20060019452 Air Force Inst. of Tech., Wright-Patterson AFB, OH USA
Selecting Energy Efficient Building Envelope Retrofits to Existing Department of Defense Building Using Value Focused Thinking
Pratt, David M; Mar 2006; 125 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A446354; AFIT/ENV/GEM/06M-14; No Copyright; ONLINE: http://hdl.handle.net/100.2/ADA446354; Avail.: CASI: A06, Hardcopy
The Department of Defense (DoD) has hundreds of thousands of facilities in its inventory, which consume billions of BTUSs of energy per year. Much of that energy is used to heat and cool the facility, and a great deal of this energy is lost through the building envelope. While new military construction works towards energy efficiency, the majority of DoD facilities were built over forty years ago with little regard to energy efficiency, and it is these facilities that have the greatest potential for energy efficient building envelope retrofits. There are hundreds of various new building envelope technologies available to retrofit an existing building envelope, including window, roof, and wall technologies. This research investigated fifteen different building envelope technologies and found that many of them are feasible alternatives for DoD facilities. Value Focused Thinking (VFT) was the methodology used to objectively compare these new technologies and capture what Air Force decision makers value in regards to retrofitting older facilities with these new building envelope technologies. Data from three different Air Force bases and values from three different Air Force Civil Engineer Operations Flight Chiefs were used to evaluate these fifteen technologies, and the results show that the energy efficient window technologies have the highest potential for energy savings at each location. However, the research also shows that each of these technologies is a viable option and should always be considered when retrofitting an existing facility. DTIC
Construction; Defense Program; Energy Conservation; Military Technology; Retrofitting
20060019517 Army Research Office, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
Fundamentals and Innovations Of Army Energy Conversion Systems
Chang, C I; Jun 24, 2004; 34 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A446446; No Copyright; ONLINE: http://hdl.handle.net/100.2/ADA446446; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
This briefing gives an overview of the key areas of energy conversion research by the U.S. Army. The main areas of interest examined are 1) compact power for the dismounted soldier, 2) high performance/efficiency vehicle propulsion, and 3) advanced energetic materials. DTIC
Energy Conversion; Military Technology; Research Management
20060019812 South Carolina Univ., Columbia, SC USA
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Estimating Parameters for Rates of CO Poisoning and Recovery in a PEMFC Using a Pt/Ru-C Anode
Nwoga, Tochi; Van Zee, J W; Jun 1, 2004; 33 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): N00014-98-1-0554 Report No.(s): AD-A446863; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
A study of the effects of cell temperature and pressure on anode polarization was achieved in this paper. A Langmuir and Temkin isotherm was used to study the CO adsorption equilibrium and the Heyrowski-Volmer mechanism for H2 oxidation on a Pt/Ru-C catalyst.
The anode overpotential curves were separated into four regions so that the adsorption rate constant for H2 on Pt/Ru-C alloy could be determined.
This separation allowed for the generation of a CO isotherm and it provided Langmuir parameters to describe the CO adsorption equilibrium as a function of temperature and pressure. DTIC
Anodes; Carbon Monoxide Poisoning; Estimating; Fuel Cells; Pressure
20060020812 Air Force Inst. of Tech., Wright-Patterson AFB, OH USA
Supplementing an AD-HOC Wireless Network Routing Protocol with Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Tags
Willemsen, LeRoy S; May 2006; 91 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A446920; AFIT/GE/ENG/06-56; No Copyright; ONLINE: http://hdl.handle.net/100.2/ADA446920; Avail.: CASI: A05, Hardcopy
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have a broad and varied range of applications, yet all of these are limited by the resources available to the sensor nodes that make up the WSN. The most significant resource is energy. A WSN may be deployed to an inhospitable or unreachable area, leaving it with a non-replenishable power source. This research examines a way of reducing energy consumption by augmenting the nodes with radio frequency identification (RFID) tags that contain routing information. It was expected that RFID tags would reduce the network throughput, the ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing traffic sent, and the amount of energy consumed. However, the results show that RFID tags have little effect on the network throughput or the AODV routing traffic sent. They also increase ETE delays in sparse networks as well as the amount of energy consumed in both sparse and dense networks. Furthermore, there was no statistical difference in the amount of user data throughput received. The density of the network is shown to have an effect on the variation of the data but the trends are the same for both sparse and dense networks. This counter-intuitive result is explained, and conditions for such a scheme to be effective are discussed. DTIC
Communication Networks; Energy Consumption; Protocol (Computers); Radio Frequencies; Wireless Communication
20060020821 Air Force Inst. of Tech., Wright-Patterson AFB, OH USA
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Evaluation and Analysis of Node Localization Power Cost in Ad-hoc Wireless Sensor Networks with Mobility
Sessler, Brian A; Mar 2006; 119 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A446935; AFIT/GCE/ENG/06-07; No Copyright; ONLINE: http://hdl.handle.net/100.2/ADA446935; Avail.: CASI: A06, Hardcopy
One of the key concerns with location-aware Ad-hocWireless Sensor Networks (AWSNs) is how sensor nodes determine their position. The inherent power limitations of an AWSN along with the requirement for long network lifetimes makes achieving fast and power-efficient localization vital. This research examines the cost (in terms of power) of network irregularities on communications and localization in an AWSN. The number of data bits transmitted and received are significantly affected by varying levels of mobility, node degree, and network shape. The concurrent localization approach, used by the APS-Euclidean algorithm, has significantly more accurate position estimates with a higher percentage of nodes localized, while requiring 50% less data communications overhead, than the Map-Growing algorithm. Analytical power models capable of estimating the power required to localize are derived. The average amount of data communications required by either of these algorithms in a highly mobile network with a relatively high degree consumes less than 2.0% of the power capacity of an average 560mA-hr battery. This is less than expected and contrary to the common perception that localization lgorithms consume a significant amount of a node's power. DTIC
Algorithms; Communication Networks; Costs; Data Transmission; Energy Consumption; Mobility; Position (Location); Position Sensing; Wireless Communication
20060020892 Air Force Inst. of Tech., Wright-Patterson AFB, OH USA
Evaluation of Energy Costs and Error Performance of Range-Aware Anchor-Free Localization Algorithms forWireless Sensor Networks
Jordt, Gustav J; Mar 2006; 190 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A447060; AFIT/GCE/ENG/06-02; No Copyright; ONLINE: http://hdl.handle.net/100.2/ADA447060; Avail.: CASI: A09, Hardcopy
This research examines energy and error tradeoffs in Anchor-Free Range-Aware Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) Localization algorithms. A concurrent and an incremental algorithm (Anchor Free Localization (AFL) and Map Growing) are examined under varying network sizes, densities, deployments, and range errors. Despite current expectations, even the most expensive configurations do not expend significant battery life (at most 0.4%), implying little energy can be conserved during localization. Due to refinement, AFL is twice as accurate, using 6 times the communication. For both, node degree affects communication most. As degree increases, Map Growing communication increases, while AFL transmissions drop. Nodes with more neighbors refine quicker with fewer messages. At high degree, many nodes receive the same message, overpowering the previous effect, and raising AFL received bits. Built from simulation data, the Energy Consumption Model predicts energy usage of incremental and concurrent algorithms used in networks with varying size, density, and deployments. It is applied to current wireless sensor nodes. Military WSNs should be flexible, cheap, and long lasting. Anchor-Free, Range-Aware algorithms best fit this need. DTIC
Algorithms; Anchors (Fasteners); Communication Networks; Costs; Energy Conservation; Energy Consumption; Errors; Position (Location); Radiotelephones
20060021032 Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., Cambridge, MA USA
Design and Analysis of a Permanent Magnet Generator for Naval Applications
Rucker, Jonathan E; Jun 2005; 186 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A447426; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A09, Hardcopy
This paper discusses the electrical and magnetic design and analysis of a permanent magnet generation module for naval applications. Numerous design issues are addressed and several issues are raised about the potential improvements a PM generation system can offer. A proposed 16 MW PM generation module design is presented along with a detailed design methodology. Eighty different machines and power conversion modules are sized, designed, and analyzed with a final design selected. Specifically, sizing and detailed machine design and analysis is performed examining the effects of numerous parameters including number of phases, number of poles, magnetic geometry, machine dimensions, and material types. Analytical models are developed to study rotor losses caused by stator winding time and space harmonics and slot space harmonics. Power electronics and conversion modules to connect the high-speed generator to a DC distribution system are designed and analyzed. In-depth simulation of the eighty complete systems is performed using the software programs MATLAB (Version 12.0, Mathworks) and PSIM (Version 6.0, Powersim, Inc.). The 16 MW permanent magnet generation module, consisting of the generator and associated power electronics, provides an excellent alternative to traditional wound rotor synchronous machines. The final design offers significant reductions in both weight and volume. Specifically, it is estimated that the PM generation module has a 7x reduction in volume and a 10x reduction in weight compared to similarly rated wound rotor systems. These reductions can provide flexibility to naval architects since power, weight, and volume are integral parts of the design and construction processes. However, further study is necessary to verify the PM generation modules thermal, structural, and mechanical performance. DTIC
Design Analysis; Electric Generators; Permanent Magnets
20060021033 Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., Cambridge, MA USA
Evaluation of Non-Intrusive Monitoring for Condition Based Maintenance Applications on US Navy Propulsion Plants
Greene, William C; Jun 2005; 140 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A447429; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A07, Hardcopy
The thesis explores the use of the Non-intrusive Load Monitor (NILM) in Condition Based Maintenance (CBM) applications on US Navy ships as part of the Office of Naval Research Electric Ship Integration (ESI) Initiative. The NILM is a device that measures an electrical component's performance by applying a single voltage and current transducer to a ship's existing power distribution system. The NILM was originally developed to monitor electrical power usage in buildings where it was noticed that it could disaggregate and report the operation of individual loads when many loads were present.
The limits of this capability are explored by employing a signal processing script in MATLAB using component data gathered on the USCGC SENECA (WMEC-906). The plausibility of using a few NILMs to provide machinery monitoring information for an entire engineering space, and the resulting opportunity to reduce sensor growth on future Navy ships is explored. Then efforts to monitor naval propulsion plant machinery with the NILM are discussed. Two NILMs were constructed and installed on selected individual components at the Naval Surface Warfare Center Philadelphia DDG-51 Land Based Engineering Site (LBES). Monitoring of the Fuel Oil and Low Pressure Air Service Systems was conducted during a week long certification of the pre-commissioning crew of the USS BAINBRIDGE (DDG-96).
Data collected was then used to explore the use of the NILM as a diagnostic device for shipboard systems through the evaluation of mechanical transients in the Fuel Oil system and a test leak inserted into the Low Pressure Air System. Additionally, a brief overview of the Multi-function Monitor (MFM) is provided. The MFM could provide a natural installation point on the ship's power distribution system to monito multiple loads. Finally, an evaluation of the NILM as an enabling technology for Navy CBM was conducted. DTIC
Inspection; Loads (Forces); Maintenance; Navy; Nonintrusive Measurement; Propulsion
20060021034 Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., Cambridge, MA USA
Analysis of Harmonic Distortion in an Integrated Power System for Naval Applications
West, Edward G; Jun 2005; 114 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A447430; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A06, Hardcopy
This research quantifies the voltage distortion over the broad range of operating conditions experienced by a Naval warship. A steady state model of an Integrated Power System (IPS) was developed in a commercially available power system simulation tool. The system chosen for this study was a three-phase, 4160 VAC, 80 MW power system with a 450 VAC bus to supply traditional ship service loads. Sensitive loads, such as combat systems equipment, are isolated from the harmonic content of the 450 volt bus via solid state inverters. Power generation for this system included two 30 MW and two 10 MW generators. The sizing of these generators was based on operating configurations that would result in the best fuel efficiency under the most common loading conditions. Model components were simulated and compared to data recorded for the U.S. Navy's Full Scale Advanced Development (FSAD) test system for the IPS at the Philadelphia Land Based Engineering Site (LBES). The propulsion motor used in the simulations was developed based on the advanced induction motor installed at LBES. Various loading conditions, including battle, cruise and anchor were simulated for both 10 degrees F and 90 degrees F ambient design conditions and with propulsion loads ranging from 0% to 100%. Numerous system configuration changes were implemented to determine their impact on system harmonics. These included operating the propulsion converter front end rectifiers in both controlled (varying commutation angle) and uncontrolled (diode bridge) configurations; implementation of both twelve and six pulse rectification; and installation of a tuned passive 5th harmonic filter. The simulation results are compared to both IEEE Std 519-1992 and Mil-Std 1399. DTIC
Distortion; Harmonics; Systems Integration
20060021035 Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., Cambridge, MA USA
Design of an AUV Recharging System
Miller, Bryan D; Jun 2005; 58 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A447431; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A04, Hardcopy
The Odyssey AUV Series uses a Lithium-ion Polymer battery which is able to supply the necessary power for a limited mission time. The current method of recharge includes surfacing the AUV, opening the vehicle, removing the battery from the vehicle and recharging the battery. A different approach is proposed which uses an inductive coupler and power electronics to conduct a battery charge without opening the vehicle or removing the battery. DTIC
Battery Chargers; Lithium Batteries; Recharging; Underwater Vehicles
20060021542 Army Natick Labs., MA USA
Determination of Energy Consumption of Food Service Equipment at Fort Devens, MA
Hu, K H; Ricardi, V A; Dec 1981; 27 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A447553; NATICK/TR-82/042; FEL-120; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
This report provides the results of evaluating energy consumption of food service equipment in a real-life situation as requested by Troop Support Agency. Twenty-one items of equipment in three dining facilities at Fort Devens, MA were monitored for energy consumption; and one dining facility was monitored for total energy usage. The energy evaluation of individual pieces of equipment provides a comparison of equipment efficiency in energy utilization, while the collection of overall energy data of one dining facility provides a reference point from which the operating efficiency of other military dining facilities can be compared and rated. DTIC Energy Consumption; Energy Conservation; Energy Requirements
Source: NASA
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