SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL AEROSPACE REPORTS
A Biweekly Publication of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
VOLUME 44, ISSUE 9 - MAY 5, 2006
45 ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
Includes atmospheric, water, soil, noise, and thermal pollution.
20060011227 Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
National Scale Modeling of Air Toxics for the Mobile Source Air Toxics Rule, Technical Support Document
Jan. 2006; 228 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2006-105743; EPA-454/R-06-002; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A11, Hardcopy
The purpose of the work described in this technical document was to project emissions for mobile source hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) to 2007, 2010, 2015, 2020, and 2030 from the 1999 National Emissions Inventory Version 3 (NEI), conduct air quality and exposure modeling, and estimate cancer and non-cancer risk for select future years. Air quality modeling utilized the Assessment System for Population Exposure Nationwide (ASPEN) model. Exposure modeling utilized the Hazardous Air Pollutant Exposure Model, Version 5 (HAPEM5). Modeling was done for reference cases, which included programs currently planned and in place, as well as control scenarios that evaluated potential impacts of additional control programs. This work was done to support regulatory needs related to the 2006 proposed mobile source air toxics rule. Intermediate year inventories for 2002 through 2010, inclusive, were also developed to support other program needs in the Office of Air and Radiation. NTIS
Support Systems; Air Quality; Environment Models
20060011243 NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
Science Overview: The LTTG Technology Review Meeting March 2006 Summary Report
Bruning, Claus; Ko, Malcolm; Lee, David; Miake-Lye, Richard; March 2006; 12 pp.; In English; LTTG Technology Review Meeting, 20-24 Mar. 2006, London, UK; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
This report presents an overview of the latest scientific consensus understanding of the effect of aviation emissions on the atmosphere for both local air quality and climate change in order to provide a contextual framework for raising future questions to help assess the environmental benefits of technology goals. Although studies of the two issues share a common framework (of quantifying the emissions, the change in concentrations in the atmosphere, and the environmental impacts), the communities of practitioners are distinctly different. The scientific community will continue to provide guidelines on trade-off among different contributors to a specific environmental impact, such as global climate, or local air quality. Ultimately, monetization of the costs and benefits of mitigation actions is the proper tool for quantifying and analyzing trade-offs between the two issues. Scientific assessment of the impacts and their uncertainties are critical inputs to these analyses. Until environmental effects of aviation emerge as a policy driven issue, there is little incentive within the scientific community to focus on research efforts specific to trade-off studies between local and global impacts. Author
Science; Technologies; Earth Environment; Exhaust Emission; General Overviews; Civil Aviation
20060011265 Marine Mammal Commission, Washington, DC, USA
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Advisory Committee on Acoustic Impacts on Marine Mammals: Report to the Marine Mammal Commission, February 1, 2006
Orenstein, S.; Langstaff, L.; Feb. 01, 2006; 140 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2006-107706; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
In 2003 the U.S. Congress, through the Omnibus Appropriations Act of 2003, directed the Marine Mammal Commission (Commission) to fund an international conference or series of conferences to share findings, survey acoustic 'threats' to marine mammals, and develop means of reducing those threats while maintaining the oceans as a global highway of international commerce. The potential for human-generated (anthropogenic) sources of sound to affect marine mammals had been discussed in many forums in recent years, and had been the subject of four reports since 1994 from the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences. These previous efforts pointed to the need for more specific information about the effects of chronic and episodic sound on marine mammals and the means of reducing them. NTIS
Acuity; Auditory Perception; Marine Mammals; Signal Transmission; Sound Waves
20060011266 Nuclear Waste Technical Review Board, Washington, DC, USA
U.S. Nuclear Waste Technical Review Board Fiscal Year (FY) 2007 Budget Request Submittal Including Performance
Evaluation for FY 2005 and Supplementary Information About the Board January 2005; 32 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2006-107703; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
This is the U.S. Nuclear Waste Technical Review Board's performance-based budget request for fiscal year (FY) 2007. The request will support the Board efforts to achieve its performance goals for the year. The performance goals are listed in the budget document and have been established in accordance with the Board's congressional mandate: To conduct an independent evaluation of the technical and scientific validity of U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) activities related to disposing of commercial spent nuclear fuel and defense high-level radioactive waste. These activities include evaluating the proposed Yucca Mountain repository and packaging and transporting the waste. The Board's ongoing peer review is vital to the credibility of the DOE's technical and scientific activities. NTIS
Evaluation; Mountains; Performance Tests; Radioactive Wastes; Waste Disposal
20060011278 Commerce Dept., Washington, DC, USA
Proceedings of the International Conference on Volcanic Ash and Aviation Safety (2nd). Held in Alexandria, Virginia on June 21-24, 2004
Nov. 2004; 354 pp.; In English; International Conference on Volcanic Ash and Aviation Safety (2nd)., June 21 - 24, 2004, Alexandria, Virginia Report No.(s): PB2006-107683; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
In February 1997, the White House Commission on Aviation Safety and Security recommended a national goal for government and industry of reducing the fatal aviation accident rate by 80 percent in 10 years. The National AviationWeather Program Council adopted the 80 percent reduction goal and in February 1999 the National Aviation Weather Initiatives document was published as the next major step in coordinating the many federal and nonfederal programs relevant to improving aviation safety. Because of the serious threat posed by volcanic ash and other airborne hazardous materials, these were identified as one of the principal service areas for the aviation weather program. Although there have been no fatal accidents caused by encounters with volcanic ash, there have been close calls with aircraft experiencing in-flight engine failures. Fortunately, these aircraft were able to land safely, but in some instances the cost to repair the aircraft was in the millions of dollars. The fact that there have not been recent incidents or accidents speaks to the work of the Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers around the world but there is more we can do to ensure that encounters are reduced to zero and that there is never a fatal accident resulting from a volcanic ash encounter. This document summarizes the proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Volcanic Ash and Aviation Safety and provides a roadmap for building on our successes in aviation safety over the next decade. NTIS
Air Pollution; Aircraft Safety; Ashes; Conferences; Flight Safety; Volcanoes
20060011279 Commerce Dept., Washington, DC, USA
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Proceedings of the Workshop on Effective Emergency Response: Selecting a Suitable Dispersion Model for a Given Application. Held in Crystal City, Virginia on December 5-6, 2001
May 2002; 54 pp.; In English; Workshop on Effective Emergency Response: Selecting a Suitable Dispersion Model for a Given Application., December 5 - 6, 2001, Crystal City, Virginia Report No.(s): PB2006-107661; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A04, Hardcopy
The Workshop on Effective Emergency Response was held December 3-5, 2001 at Crowne Plaza Washington National Airport Hotel, Crystal City, Virginia. The theme of Forum was ' Selecting a Suitable Dispersion Model for a Given Application.' A crosssection of nearly 90 people participated in the workshop, including representatives of the government, private, academic, and other sectors. The workshop was sponsored by the Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research (OFCM). The purpose of the workshop was to address issues associated with the number and variety of atmospheric transport and diffusion (ATD) models existing today in the federal government. In particular, participants considered what models should be used in particular situations and how those models are evaluated. The overarching goal of the workshop was to define a framework for supporting the objective determination of the most appropriate dispersion model to be used in a given situation. NTIS
Air Pollution; Atmospheric Circulation; Atmospheric Diffusion; Conferences; Diffusion; Emergencies
20060011284 MACTEC Federal Programs, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
Compliance Guide for Small Businesses to the Reinforced Plastic Composites Production, NESHAP, 40 CFR 63, Subpart WWWW
Sep. 2005; 28 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2006-107488; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
You should use this guide to (1) determine if the Reinforced Plastic Composites NESHAP applies to your facility, and (2) to understand the requirements of the rule if it does apply to your facility. Chapter 2 of this document addresses primarily those aspects of the rule that will help you determine if the rule applies to your facility. Chapter 3 of this document has a table that shows you where to find specific requirements in the rule. This table is the 'Requirements Matrix.' NTIS
Commerce; Composite Materials; Reinforced Plastics
20060011285 Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
Economic Impact Analysis for the Federal Implementation Plans Under the Clean Air Act for Indian Reservations in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington
Bradley, L.; Dec. 2004; 154 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2006-107487; EPA-452/R-04-010; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A08, Hardcopy
In the Clean Air Act (CAA), Congress gave the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) broad authority to protect air resources throughout the nation, including the air resources on Indian reservations. To meet this commitment to protect human health and air quality resources, EPA Region 10 developed gap-filling rules for Indian reservations in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. The rules will regulate activities, pollutants, and sources by supplementing the existing Federal regulatory programs. These rules will provide regulatory tools for use by EPA Region 10 in implementing the CAA on Indian reservations, in addition to the regulations already established by EPA. This report evaluates the economic impacts resulting from these regulations. NTIS
Air Quality; Economic Impact; Environment Protection
20060011298 California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, CA USA
Development of On-Line Instrumentation and Techniques to Detect and Measure Particulates. Quarterly Technical Progress Report
Wu, S.; Paml, S.; Tang, Y.; Goddard, W. A.; Apr. 30, 2005; 18 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-840431; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
In this quarter, we have rebuilt a new multiwavelength light source which boasts over 300mW combined output from 10 different wavelengths and loss of less than 15% for each wavelength and it is much more flexible than the previous version too. Compared to the previous version, the efficiency and construction complexity have been dramatically improved for field use. We also have refined the diode pumped laser which now could give out more pulse energy than before, and this will improve the signal to noise ratio. We are also using the water jet we built in the 2nd quarter to calibrate our laser scattering outside the engine exhaust, and water jet calibration data is used to simulate the scattering results in the exhaust line. NTIS
On-Line Systems; Particulates; Detection
20060011308 Bechtel SAIC Company, LLC, Las Vagas, NV, USA, Itasca Consulting Group, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA
Thermal-Hydrologic-Mechanical Study of Pre-Closure Off-Normal Thermal Scenarios at Proposed Yucca Mountain Nuclear Waste Repository
January 2005; 12 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-838907; No Copyright; Avail.: Department of Energy Information Bridge
The proposed nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada currently includes a minimum of 50 years forced ventilation inside of emplacement drifts prior to repository closure. To regulate the heat generated from emplaced waste packages, the ventilation during the pre-closure period should be continuous. Off-normal thermal scenarios that consider temporary shutdown of the pre-closure ventilation are investigated to determine the impacts of ventilation shutdown on the thermal-hydrologic-mechanical behaviors of the emplacement drifts. In-drift heat transfer processes including radiation, convection, and conduction are studied. The analysis provides a ventilation heat removal ratio that varies on the drift location and the ventilation duration. The heat removal ratio is transferred and utilized in the NUFT thermal-hydrology software. The NUFT software is used to investigate the thermal-hydrologic impacts on the repository rock mass for the off-normal thermal scenarios with various shutdown durations at various pre-closure times. The predicted rock mss temperature evaluated from the thermalhydrologic analysis is applied for the thermal-mechanical analysis of the off-normal thermal scenarios. The results show that degradation and rockfall of the emplacement drifts due to the off-normal thermal scenarios will be minimal, and it is concluded that the impacts of off-normal thermal scenarios on the stability of the emplacement drifis will be insignificant. NTIS
Biomass; Mountains; Radioactive Wastes; Waste Disposal
20060011313 Agricultural Research Service, Phoenix, AZ, USA
Elevated CO(2) and Limited Water Supply Effects on Carbon Processes and Sequestration in a C4 Grass (Sorghum) Ecosystem. Final Report
January 2006; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2006-841876; No Copyright; Avail.: Department of Energy Information Bridge
No abstract available
Carbon; Carbon Dioxide; Ecosystems; Grasses; Sorghum; Water
20060011319 TECHSVCTRAIN, Inc., Jacksonville, FL, USA
Locomotive Emission and Engine Idle Reduction Technology Demonstration Project (April 8, 2003 - March 31, 2005)
Archer, J. R.; January 2006; 122 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2006-838872; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
In response to a USA Department of Energy (DOE) solicitation, the Maryland Energy Administration (MEA), in partnership with CSX Transportation, Inc. (CSXT), submitted a proposal to DOE to support the demonstration of Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) technology on fifty-six CSXT locomotives. The project purpose was to demonstrate the idle fuel savings, the Nitrous Oxide (NOX) emissions reduction and the noise reduction capabilities of the APU. Fifty-six CSXT Baltimore Division locomotives were equipped with APUs, Engine Run Managers (ERM) and communications equipment to permit GPS tracking and data collection from the locomotives. Throughout the report there is mention of the percent time spent in the State of Maryland. The fifty-six locomotives spent most of their time inside the borders of Maryland and some spent all their time inside the state borders. Usually when a locomotive traveled beyond the Maryland State border it was into an adjoining state. They were divided into four groups according to assignment: - Power Unit/Switcher Mate units, Remote Control units, SD50 Pusher units and Other units. The primary data of interest were idle data plus the status of the locomotive - stationary or moving. Also collected were main engine off, idling or working. Idle data were collected by county location, by locomotive status (stationary or moving) and type of idle (Idle 1, main engine idling, APU off; Idle 2, main engine off, APU on; Idle 3, main engine off, APU off; Idle 4, main engine idle, APU on). Desirable main engine idle states are main engine off and APU off or main engine off and APU on. Measuring the time the main engine spends in these desirable states versus the total time it could spend in an engine idling state allows the calculation of Percent Idle Management Effectiveness (%IME). IME is the result of the operation of the APU plus the implementation of CSXT's Warm Weather Shutdown Policy. It is difficult to separate the two. The units demonstrated an IME of 64% at stationary idle for the test period. The data collected during calendar year 2004 demonstrated that 707,600 gallons of fuel were saved and 285 tons of NOX were not emitted as a result of idle management in stationary idle, which translates to 12,636 gallons and 5.1 tons of NOx per unit respectively. The noise reduction capabilities of the APU demonstrated that at 150 feet from the locomotive the loaded APU with the main engine shut down generated noise that was only marginally above ambient noise level. NTIS
Exhaust Emission; Locomotives; Noise Reduction
20060011609 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY USA
Influence of Elevated Ozone and Carbon Dioxide on Insect Densities
DeLucia, E. H.; Dermody, O.; O'Neill, B.; Aldea, M.; Hamilton, J. G.; Nov. 2005; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2006-861653; BNL-75251-2005-CP; No Copyright; Avail.: Department of Energy Information Bridge
The combustion of fossil fuels is profoundly altering the chemical composition of the atmosphere. Beginning with the Industrial Revolution, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased from approximately 280 to 370(micro)l l(sup -1) in 2004, and it is expected to exceed 550(micro)l l(sup -1) by 2050. Tropospheric ozone has risen even more rapidly than CO(sub 2) and average summer concentrations in the Northern Hemisphere are expected to continue to increase by 0.5-2.5% per year over the next 30 years. Although elevated CO(sub 2) stimulates photosynthesis and productivity of terrestrial ecosystems, ozone (O(sub 3)) is deleterious. In addition to directly affecting the physiology and productivity of crops, increased concentrations of tropospheric CO(sub 2) and O(sub 3) are predicted to lower the nutritional quality of leaves, which has the potential to increase herbivory as insects eat more to meet their nutritional demands. We tested the hypothesis that changes in tropospheric chemistry affect the relationship between plants and insect herbivores by changing leaf quality. The susceptibility to herbivory of soybean grown in elevated CO(sub 2) or O(sub 3) was examined using free air gas concentration enrichment (SoyFACE). FACE technology has the advantage that plants are cultivated under realistic field conditions with no unwanted alteration of microclimate or artificial constraints on the insect community. NTIS
Air Pollution; Carbon Dioxide; Insects; Ozone
20060012027 Dames and Moore, CA, USA
Evaluation of Carbon Monoxide Emissions Models and Mobile Source Dispersion Models Applicable to Alaskan Cities
Dec. 1986; 70 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2006-108262; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A04, Hardcopy
This report describes an investigation of state-of-the-art models for predicting the impact on air quality of additions or changes to a highway system identified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as a 'non-attainment area' for air quality standards, and identifies one, CALINE4, as a potentially useful tool to the Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities. Alaska currently has two cities, Anchorage and Fairbanks, where non-attainment of carbon monoxide standards are identified during winter periods. Based on this report and other investigations, the time is considered appropriate for implementing an air quality modeling capability into the routine operations of the Department's Environmental Sections of the Divisions of Design and Construction. NTIS
Carbon Monoxide; Contaminants; Exhaust Gases
20060012028 Science Applications International Corp., San Rafael, CA, USA
Methodologies for Estimating Emission and Travel Activity Effects of TCMs
Austin, B. S.; Heiken, J. G.; Shepard, S. B.; Duvall, L. L.; Jul. 1994; 168 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2006-108257; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A08, Hardcopy
The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) created a range of new, more stringent transportation control requirements. Major federal agencies such as EPA and the Department of Transportation must work together to ensure that transportation projects further attainment of air quality goals (conformity); the private sector must market a new slate of alternative, less polluting fuels; states must take action in the more serious nonattainment areas to offset any emissions growth related to increased vehicle miles travelled (VMT); and many state and local government agencies must implement transportation control measures (TCMs) that modify driving behavior and limit emissions resulting from traffic congestion. To help understand and meet the new Clean Air Act's requirements, Congress instructed the EPA to publish a number of guidance documents related to transportation control. This document is one of the many EPA-sponsored publications which state and local governments may find useful as they work to achieve their transportation planning goals. NTIS
Estimating; Exhaust Emission; Transportation
20060012034 Carnegie-Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA USA
Atmospheric Aerosol Source-Receptor Relationships: The Role Of Coal-Fired Power Plants
Apr. 2005; 50 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-840468; No Copyright; Avail.: Department of Energy Information Bridge
This report describes the technical progress made on the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study (PAQS) during the period of September 2004 through February 2005. Significant progress was made this project period on the analysis of ambient data, source apportionment, and deterministic modeling activities. The major experimental achievement this project period was the characterization of the mercury and fine particle emissions from two modern, large, commercial pulverized coal boilers. This testing completes the field work component of the Source Characterization Activity. This report highlights results from mercury emission measurements made using a dilution sampler. The measurements clearly indicate that mercury is being transformed from an oxidized to an elemental state within the dilution. This report highlights results from mercury emission measurements made using a dilution sampler. The measurements clearly indicate that mercury is being transformed from an oxidized to an elemental state within the dilution. This report also presents results from an analysis that uses spherical aluminum silicate (SAS) particles as a marker for primary PM2.5 emitted from coal combustion. Primary emissions from coal combustion contribute only a small fraction of the PM2.5 mass (less than 1.5% in the summer and less than 3% in the winter) at the Pittsburgh site. This report also presents results from applying the Unmix and PMF models to estimate the contribution of different sources to the PM2.5 mass concentrations in Pittsburgh using aerosol composition information. Comparison of the two models shows similar source composition and contribution for five factors: crustal material, nitrate, an Fe, Mn, and Zn factor, specialty steel production, and a cadmium factor. PMF found several additional factors. NTIS
Aerosols; Air Quality; Coal; Combustion; Particulates
20060012042 Texas Univ., Austin, TX, USA
CO(sup 2) Capture by Absorption with Potassium Carbonate
Rochelle, G. T.; Chen, E.; Lu, J.; Apr. 29, 2005; 40 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-840473; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
The objective of this work is to improve the process for CO(sub 2) capture by alkanolamine absorption/stripping by developing an alternative solvent, aqueous K (sub 2)CO(sub 3) promoted by piperazine. Stripper modeling suggests the energy requirement with a simple stripper will be about the same for 5 m K(sup +)/2.5 m PZ and 7 m MEA. Modeling with a generic solvent shows that the optimum heat of CO(sub 2) desorption to minimize heat duty lies between 15 and 25 kcal/gmol. On-line pH and density measurements are effective indicators of loading and total alkalinity for the K+/PZ solvent. The baseline pilot plant campaign with 30% MEA has been started. NTIS
Carbon Dioxide; Carbonates; Potassium
20060012045 Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
Final Report on the World Trade Center (WTC) Dust Screening Method Study
Aug. 17, 2005; 76 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2006-107535; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
The objective of this effort was to develop and validate a means of determining whether dust sampled as part of EPA's planned sampling program contains residual contamination attributable to the collapse of the World Trade Center (WTC) towers. The tested screening method is a critical component of the sampling program as it will be used for two primary purposes: (1) to determine the geographic extent of the dust remaining from the collapse impact, and (2) along with the results from contaminants of potential concern (COPC) testing, to determine the need for a clean-up of the sampled areas. NTIS
Air Pollution; Dust; Indoor Air Pollution; Pollution Monitoring
20060012053 Florida State Univ., Tallahassee, FL, USA
Dependence of Cloud Particle Size on Non-Aerosol-Loading Related Variables
Shao, H.; Liu, G.; January 2005; 110 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-841483; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
An enhanced concentration of aerosol may increase the number of cloud drops by providing more cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), which in turn results in a higher cloud albedo at a constant cloud liquid water path. This process is often referred to as the aerosol indirect effect (AIE). Many in situ and remote sensing observations support this hypothesis (Ramanathan et al. 2001). However, satellite observed relations between aerosol concentration and cloud drop size are not always in agreement with the AIE. Based on global analysis of cloud effective radius (r(sub e)) and aerosol number concentration (N(sub a)) derived from satellite data, Sekiguchi et al. (2003) found that the correlations between the two variables can be either negative, or positive, or none, depending on the location of the clouds. They discovered that significantly negative r(sub e) - N(sub a) correlation can only be identified along coastal regions of the continents where abundant continental aerosols inflow from land, whereas Feingold et al. (2001) found that the response of r(sub e) to aerosol loading is the greatest in the region where aerosol optical depth ((tau)(sub a)) is the smallest. The reason for the discrepancy is likely due to the variations in cloud macroscopic properties such as geometrical thickness (Brenguier et al. 2003). Since r(sub e) is modified not only by aerosol but also by cloud geometrical thickness (H), the correlation between re and (tau)(sub a) actually reflects both the aerosol indirect effect and dependence of H. Therefore, discussing AIE based on the r(sub e)-(tau)(sub a) correlation without taking into account variations in cloud geometrical thickness may be misleading. This paper is motivated to extract aerosols' effect from overall effects using the independent measurements of cloud geometrical thickness, (tau)(sub a) and r(sub e). NTIS
Aerosols; Clouds (Meteorology)
20060012054 California Univ., Santa Barbara, CA, USA
Effect of Non-Lambertian Surface Reflectance on Aerosol Radiative Forcing
Ricchiazzi, P.; O'Hirok, W.; Gautier, C.; Mar. 2005; 1 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-841476; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
Surface reflectance is an important factor in determining the strength of aerosol radiative forcing. Previous studies of radiative forcing assumed that the reflected surface radiance is isotropic and does not depend on incident illumination angle. This Lambertian reflection model is not a very good descriptor of reflectance from real land and ocean surfaces. In this study we present computational results for the seasonal average of short and long wave aerosol radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere and at the surface. The effect of the Lambertian assumption is found through comparison with calculations using a more detailed bi-direction reflectance distribution function (BRDF). NTIS
Aerosols; Lambert Surface; Spectral Reflectance; Surface Properties
20060012055 Central Aerological Observatory, Dolgoprudnyi, Russian Federation, Academy of Sciences (Russia), Moscow, Russian Federation
Influence of High Aerosol Concentration on Atmospheric Boundary Layer Temperature Stratification
Khaykin, M. N.; Kadygrove, E. N.; Golitsyn, G. S.; January 2005; 114 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-841474; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
Investigations of the changing in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) radiation balance as cased by natural and anthropogenic reasons is an important topic of the U.S. Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program. The influence of aerosol on temperature stratification of ABL while its concentration was extremely high within a long period of time was studied experimentally. The case was observed in Moscow region (Russia) with the transport of combustion products from peat-bog and forest fires in July-September, 2002. At this time the visibility was some times at about 100-300 m. Aerosol concentration measured by Moscow University Observatory and A.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics field station in Zvenigorod (55.7 N; 36.6 E) for several days was in 50-100 times more than background one (Gorchakov at al 2003). The high aerosol concentration can change the radiation balance at ABL, and so to change thermal stratification in ABL above the mega lopolis. For the analysis the data were used of synchronous measurements by MTP-5 (Microwave Temperature Profiler operating at wavelength 5 mm) in two locations, namely: downtown Moscow and country-side which is 50 km apart to the West (Zvenigorod station). NTIS
Aerosols; Atmospheric Boundary Layer; Atmospheric Stratification; Boundary Layers; Temperature Distribution
20060012073 Ohio Univ., Athens, OH, USA, CONSOL Energy, Inc., South Park, PA, USA, Westinghouse Electric Corp., Pittsburgh, PA, USA, Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc., Lexington, MA, USA
Evaluation of the Emission, Transport, and Deposition of Mercury, Fine Particulate Matter, and Arsenic from Coal-Based Power Plants in the Ohio River Valley Region. Semi-Annual Technical Progress Report for the Period October 3, 2004-April 2, 2005
Crist, K.; Apr. 01, 2005; 28 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-841386; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
Ohio University, in collaboration with CONSOL Energy, Advanced Technology Systems, Inc (ATS) and Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER) as subcontractors, is evaluating the impact of emissions from coal-fired power plants in the Ohio River Valley region as they relate to the transport and deposition of mercury, arsenic, and associated fine particulate matter. This evaluation will involve two interrelated areas of effort: ambient air monitoring and regional-scale modeling analysis. The scope of work for the ambient air monitoring will include the deployment of a surface air monitoring (SAM) station in southeastern Ohio. The SAM station will contain sampling equipment to collect and measure mercury (including speciated forms of mercury and wet and dry deposited mercury), arsenic, particulate matter (PM) mass, PM composition, and gaseous criteria pollutants (CO, NO(sub x), SO(sub 2), O(sub 3), etc.). Laboratory analysis of time-integrated samples will be used to obtain chemical speciation of ambient PM composition and mercury in precipitation. Near-real-time measurements will be used to measure the ambient concentrations of PM mass and all gaseous species including Hg(sup 0) and RGM. Approximately of 18 months of field data will be collected at the SAM site to validate the proposed regional model simulations for episodic and seasonal model runs. The ambient air quality data will also provide mercury, arsenic, and fine particulate matter data that can be used by Ohio Valley industries to assess performance on multi-pollutant control systems. The scope of work for the modeling analysis will include (1) development of updated inventories of mercury and arsenic emissions from coal plants and other important sources in the modeled domain; (2) adapting an existing 3-D atmospheric chemical transport model to incorporate recent advancements in the understanding of mercury transformations in the atmosphere; (3) analyses of the flux of Hg(sup 0), RGM, arsenic, and fine particulate matter in the different sectors of the study region to identify key transport mechanisms; (4) comparison of cross correlations between species from the model results to observations in order to evaluate characteristics of specific air masses associated with long-range transport from a specified source region; and (5) evaluation of the sensitivity of these correlations to emissions from regions along the transport path. NTIS
Air Pollution; Coal; Particulates; Pollution Control; Rivers; Valleys
20060012078 Research Triangle Inst., Research Triangle Park, NC USA
Carbon Dioxide Capture From Flue Gas Using Dry Regenerable Sorbents. Quarterly Technical Progress Report
Green, D. A.; Nelson, T.; Turk, B. S.; Portzer, J. W.; Gupta, R. P.; Apr. 2005; 24 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-841299; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
This report describes research conducted between January 1, 2005 and March 31, 2005 on the use of dry regenerable sorbents for removal of carbon dioxide from flue gas. Engineered sorbents composed of sodium carbonate on a ceramic support were tested in a laboratory fluidized bed reactor system and found to be capable of essentially complete removal of carbon dioxide at 60 C in a short residence time. Upon breakthrough the sorbents can be thermally regenerated to recover essentially all of the absorbed carbon dioxide. An optimized supported sorbent tested in a pilot-scale entrained bed absorber retained its reactivity in multicycle tests and experienced no attrition. Removal of \g90% of carbon dioxide in simulated flue gas was achieved in an entrained bed reactor. NTIS
Carbon Dioxide; Drying; Flue Gases; Sorbents
20060012079 Montana State Univ., Billings, MT, USA, Boise State Univ., Boise, ID, USA, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD, USA, Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX, USA
Big Sky Carbon Sequestration Partnership. Quarterly Report for January 1, 2005-March 31, 2005
January 2005; 116 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-841147; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
The Big Sky Carbon Sequestration Partnership, led by Montana State University, is comprised of research institutions, public entities and private sectors organizations, and the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes and the Nez Perce Tribe. Efforts under this Partnership in Phase I fall into four areas: evaluation of sources and carbon sequestration sinks that will be used to determine the location of pilot demonstrations in Phase II; development of GIS-based reporting framework that links with national networks; designing an integrated suite of monitoring, measuring, and verification technologies and assessment frameworks; and initiating a comprehensive education and outreach program. The groundwork is in place to provide an assessment of storage capabilities for CO(sub 2) utilizing the resources found in the Partnership region (both geological and terrestrial sinks), that would complement the ongoing DOE research agenda in Carbon Sequestration. The region has a diverse array of geological formations that could provide storage options for carbon in one or more of its three states. Likewise, initial estimates of terrestrial sinks indicate a vast potential for increasing and maintaining soil C on forested, agricultural, and reclaimed lands. Both options include the potential for offsetting economic benefits to industry and society. Steps have been taken to assure that the GIS-based framework is consistent among types of sinks within the Big Sky Partnership area and with the efforts of other DOE regional partnerships. The Partnership recognizes the critical importance of measurement, monitoring, and verification technologies to support not only carbon trading but all policies and programs that DOE and other agencies may want to pursue in support of GHG mitigation. NTIS
Carbon; Montana; Organizations; Agriculture; Economics; Industries; Soils
20060012080 Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH, USA
Carbon Sequestration in Reclaimed Mined Soils of Ohio
January 2005; 20 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-841145; No Copyright; Avail.: Department of Energy Information Bridge
Assessment of soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration potential of reclaimed minesoils (RMS) is important for preserving environmental quality and increasing agronomic yields. The mechanism of physical SOC sequestration is achieved by encapsulation of SOM in spaces within macro and microaggregates. The experimental sites, owned and maintained by American Electrical Power, were characterized by distinct age chronosequences of reclaimed minesoils and were located in Guernsey, Morgan, Noble, and Muskingum Counties of Ohio. These sites were reclaimed both with and without topsoil application, and were under continuous grass or forest cover. In this report results are presented from the sites reclaimed in 2003 (R03-G), in 1973 (R73-F), in 1969 (R69-G), in 1962 (R62-G and R62-F) and in 1957 (R57-F). Three sites are under continuous grass cover and the three under forest cover since reclamation. Three bulk soil samples were collected from each site from three landscape positions (upper; middle, and lower) for 0-15 and 15-30 cm depths. The samples were air dried and using wet sieving technique were fractionated into macro (\g 2mm), meso (2-0.25 mm) and microaggregate (0.25-0.053 mm). These fractions were weighted separately and water stable aggregation (WSA) and geometric mean (GMD) and mean weight (MWD) diameters of aggregates were obtained. The soil C and N concentrations were also determined on these aggregate fractions. NTIS
Carbon; Soils; Ohio; Environmental Quality; Chronology; Topography; Agriculture; Aggregates
Source: NASA
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