SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL AEROSPACE REPORTS
A Biweekly Publication of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
VOLUME 44, ISSUE 9 - MAY 5, 2006
03 AIR TRANSPORTATION AND SAFETY
Includes passenger and cargo air transport operations; airport ground operations; flight safety and hazards; and aircraft accidents.
Systems and hardware specific to ground operations of aircraft and to airport construction are covered in 09 Research and Support Facilities (Air).
Air traffic control is covered in 04 Aircraft Communications and Navigation.
For related information see also 16 Space Transportation and Safety and 85 Technology Utilization and Surface Transportation.
20060011238 USA Centennial of Flight Commission, USA
U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission Final Report for the Centennial of Flight Commemoration
Apr. 2004; 88 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2006-105418; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A05, Hardcopy
The U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission was established in 1999 to encourage the broadest national and international participation in the celebration of 100 years of powered flight, while publicizing and encouraging programs, projects and events that would involve, educate and enrich the maximum number of people. The U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission is proud of the events that have taken place, including: the Festival of Flight in Fayetteville, Space Day, Inventing Flight in Dayton, GE Presents Centennial of Flight at Rockefeller Center, EAA's Countdown to Kitty Hawk tour, the opening of The Wright Brothers and the Invention of the Aerial Age at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, the National Air Tours, the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics' Evolution of Flight campaign, Wolf Trap's Face of America, the opening of the Steven F. Udvar Hazy Center at Dulles International Airport, the First Flight Centennial Celebration in North Carolina and the countless others that have occurred across the country and around the globe. Most importantly, the U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission is proud of the educational legacy that has been created. The combined outreach efforts of the U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission and its Partners have reached millions of students. A new generation of inventors has been inspired, igniting a new level of enthusiasm for perseverance and determination in the quest for ingenuity. NTIS
Flight; Enrichment; Education; Airports
20060011260 National Transportation Safety Board, Washington, DC USA
National Transportation Safety Board Aircraft Accident Report: Collision with Trees and Crash Short of Runway, Corporate Airlines Flight 5966, British Aerospace BAE-J3201, N875JX, Kirksville, Missouri, on October 19, 2004
Jan. 24, 2006; 112 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2006-910401; NTSB/AAR-06/01; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A06, Hardcopy
This report explains the accident involving Corporate Airlines flight 5966, a BAE Systems BAE-J3201, N875JX, that crashed short of the runway on approach to land at Kirksville Regional Airport, Kirksville, Missouri. Safety issues in this report focus on operational and human factors issues, including the pilots' professional and sterile cockpit procedures, non-precision instrument approach procedures, flight and duty time regulations, fatigue, and flight data/image recorder requirements. NTIS
Accident Investigation; Airline Operations; Civil Aviation; Collisions; Commercial Aircraft; Crashes; Organizations; Runways; Safety; Safety Management; Transportation; United Kingdom
20060011270 Commerce Dept., Washington, DC, USA
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Proceedings of the Aviation Weather User Forum. Aviation Weather: Opportunities for Implementation. Held in Bethesda, Maryland on July 25-26, 2000
January 2000; 114 pp.; In English; Aviation Weather User Forum. Aviation Weather: Opportunities for Implementation., July 25 - 26, 2000, Bethesda, Maryland Report No.(s): PB2006-107688; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
Each of us has a stake in the safety and efficiency of our national aviation operations. Our National Airspace System (NAS) touches nearly every American in one way or another and is vital to our daily activities. We're all familiar with the needs to save lives, avoid injuries, and save money and time. Further, we're aware of the aggressive White House Commission goal of reducing the rate of fatal aviation accidents 80% by the year 2007. Improving aviation weather products and services and getting them to the user in a timely and mission tailored manner, improving provider and user training, and implementing sound weather decision making processes are all critical components in the effort to achieve this goal. Not even counting corporate flight operations or the small business person's beneficial use of general aviation, the aviation sector of our economy is well over 100 billion dollars. That's just in operating revenues - the collateral impact on our economy is staggering. The four objectives of the forum are 1. To highlight programs/processes which have been implemented recently, or are ready now ready for implementation. To identify ongoing programs which show promising results, and must be supported with continuing resources to reach fruition. To determine gaps where no work is ongoing or planned. To identify overlaps and assess them. NTIS
Conferences; Flight Conditions; Forecasting
20060011587 Military Univ. of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
Simulations and Reconstructions of Aircraft Flights and Accidents
Kowaleczko, Grzegorz; Flight Test: Sharing Knowledge and Experience; May 2005, pp. 22-1 - 22-21; In English; See also 20060011579; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document
The paper presents exemplary results of numerical simulations focused on numerical simulations and reconstructions of aircraft flights and accidents. These works were carried out for both fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft during last seven years at the Institute of Aviation Technology. These investigations were mainly theoretical but some of them were verified on the basis of data recorded during flight tests. All investigations were founded on the classic model of an aircraft, which was treated as a rigid body [1]. Spatial maneuvers of aircraft were modelled by making use of inverse simulations /[1], [2], [3]/. This method allows to determine control necessary to perform an assumed maneuver. Some main results are presented for both normal flight and aircraft crash. Author
Aircraft Models; Aircraft Accidents; Flight Tests; Fixed Wings; Rotary Wing Aircraft
20060011654 Civil Aerospace Medical Inst., Oklahoma City, OK, USA
A Milestone of Aeromedical Research Contributions to Civil Aviation Safety: The 1000th Report in the CARI/OAM Series
Collins, William E.; Wade, Katherine; March 2005; 111 pp.; In English; See also 20060011655 - 20060011666; Original contains color and black and white illustrations Report No.(s): DOT/FAA/AM-05/3; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A06, Hardcopy
A historical, largely photographic retrospective is presented in recognition of the 1000th published report emanating from the FAAaeromedical research center officially established as the Civil Aeromedical Research Institute (CARI) in August 1960. The publications include 57 CARI reports (1961-1963), 1 CARI technical publication (1963), and 942 reports (1964-present) under the aegis of the (now) Office of Aerospace Medicine (OAM). The retrospective includes an historical section on the early development of civil aeromedical research. Additional, theme-related sections provide an indication of some of the varied research contributions and safety achievements of the Institute and cite some of the many individuals who contributed to the Institute's accomplishments. Author
Aerospace Medicine; Human Factors Engineering; Civil Aviation; Research Aircraft
20060011655 Civil Aerospace Medical Inst., Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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Forensics: Fatal Accidents--Their Toxicology and Biochemistry
A Milestone of Aeromedical Research Contributions to Civil Aviation Safety: The 1000th Report in the CARI/OAM Series; March 2005, pp. 52-55; In English; See also 20060011654; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A01, Hardcopy
An initial focus of CARI's aviation toxicology laboratory centered on exposure to pesticides and safety concerns for crop duster pilots. Strong support was provided by the aviation physiology laboratory through a number of studies documenting the bodily effects of exposure to those pesticides in major use. PaulW. Smith, Ph.D., original head of the toxicology laboratory, took the lead in defining the hazards of various substances used by such pilots and in promoting guidelines and providing lectures to groups of agricultural pilots. A later, more enduring research focus was a shift to an emphasis on assessing aircraft cabin and cockpit materials (e.g., panel or seat coverings), for the potential toxic effects of thermal degradation of the materials due to fire. The inhalation toxicity of flame-retardant materials when subjected to fire and heat was an early research thrust led by Charles R. Crane, Ph.D.; with new materials being generated quite regularly, that line of research has continued to date. The subsequent work by Arvind K. Chaturvedi, Ph.D., and Donald Sanders has involved experiments with recently developed, unique sets of combustion assemblies and exposure chambers to determine the combustion toxicity of the newer polymeric materials now used in some aircraft and of other materials proposed for such use. Author
Aeronautical Engineering; Aerospace Medicine; Biochemistry; Exposure; Thermal Degradation; Toxicity; Toxicology; Hazards
20060011658 Civil Aerospace Medical Inst., Oklahoma City, OK, USA
The Swearingen Legacy... Continuity and Direct Applications
Swearingen, John J.; A Milestone of Aeromedical Research Contributions to Civil Aviation Safety: The 1000th Report in the CARI/OAM Series; March 2005, pp. 15-17; In English; See also 20060011654; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A01, Hardcopy
While officially the second CARI report (the first in 1962), the study of sitting areas and pressures by John J. Swearingen et al. represented one aspect of a line of safety research that Swearingen had been conducting for 15 years with a small total st& of 1 to 4 associates (and an occasional collaborator) in his underfunded (and variously named) Civil Aeronautics Medical Research Laboratory. Some of that work from the late 40s to the late 50s was captured in a black-and-white motion picture film that was donated in year 2000 to the Smithsonian Air and Space Museum; a CD copy of the film is available from the CAM1 library (52). The new CARI structure incorporating his protection and survival laboratory provided Swearingen with greater opportunities, funding, and support to pursue his research programs - a part of which came to be termed 'cockpit delethalization'. In addition to formally published reports, Swearingen, his team, and their successors conducted numerous unpublished studies at the request of agency representatives and safety groups. They interacted closely with industry and the agency to define safety shortcomings and support safety improvements. Author
Medical Science; Protection; Industries; Libraries; Safety
20060011659 Civil Aerospace Medical Inst., Oklahoma City, OK, USA
CARI's First Report ... an Enduring Direction
A Milestone of Aeromedical Research Contributions to Civil Aviation Safety: The 1000th Report in the CARI/OAM Series; March 2005, pp. 18-20; In English; See also 20060011654; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A01, Hardcopy
CARI's first report - the only one published in 1961 - involved close cooperation with the FAAAcademy and its entrants into the air traffic control specialist (ATCS) training program, That report began the Institute s research programs, initiated by David K. Trites, Ph.D., on developing and validating tests for selecting ATCS trainees and on assessing Academy training and its measures as predictors of trainee success - an involvement that continues to date. Training-performance criteria for ATC students in the tower, center, and flight service options were also the subject of one of the first two CARI research contracts (the other was a vestibular investigation) with organizational elements of the University of Oklahoma; both contracts were completed in 1964 (6,39). Note that CARI/CAMI tests comprised the official Office of Personnel Management selection battery (and later also included a MI-developed Occupational Knowledge Test). Passing that battery was required for eligibility to be considered for an ATC trainee slot; the ranking of successful candidates depended upon their test scores, education, and experience. During most of the first two decades of CARI/CAMI s selection and training research, Bart B. Cobb was a driving force. He was frequently consulted byWashington Headquarters groups in the offices of air traffic and personnel for the information and special analyses of pertinent data that he provided by numerous letters and memoranda as well as his formal CARI/OAM reports. Author
Air Traffic Control; Air Traffic Controllers (Personnel); Predictions; Personnel Management; Education
20060011661 Civil Aerospace Medical Inst., Oklahoma City, OK, USA
Protection and Survival ... Saving Lives
A Milestone of Aeromedical Research Contributions to Civil Aviation Safety: The 1000th Report in the CARI/OAM Series; March 2005, pp. 24-42; In English; See also 20060011654; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
With the establishment of the Protection and Survival Laboratory in CARI, John Swearingen's small team from CAAdays was increased and its capabilities expanded. The driving forces during the 1960s and 70s for areas other than the research by Swearingen were Richard E Chandler, who became laboratory chief and CAMI's researcher for crash injury protection, J. D. Garner, who specialized in emergency evacuation issues, and Ernest B. McFadden, whose forte became oxygen equipment and flotation devices. It would be difficult to overestimate the significance of the contributions of all these men. Chandler significantly extended the testing of child seats including the development and use of scientifically adequate child dummies (until then, even automobile crash studies used dolls). He also evaluated a number of seat restraint systems for general aviation aircraft as well as an energy absorbing steering column technology for possible application to aircraft controls. Garner and McFadden, in addition to their specialty areas, had regularly worked together as a team in addressing survival of flight crews and passengers in commercial aircraft. They had tested smoke hoods and had begun assessing computer simulation of emergency evacuations as early as 1970. Later, they conducted escape studies with blind travelers using canes and with passengers who had mobility handicaps; they conducted studies evaluating the needs and effectiveness of infant and child flotation devices. After their retirements, research on oxygen needs and equipment was continued by physiologist E. Arnold Higgins, Ph.D., while studies of passenger emergency evacuation for the past decade-plus have been led by G.A. McLean, Ph.D. (including a Type I11 overwing exit study that used 2,544 subjects). Author
Protection; Constraints; Flotation; Computerized Simulation; Crash Injuries; Energy Technology; Emergencies
20060011662 Civil Aerospace Medical Inst., Oklahoma City, OK, USA
Air Traffic Controllers: Stress ... and Sleep
A Milestone of Aeromedical Research Contributions to Civil Aviation Safety: The 1000th Report in the CARI/OAM Series; March 2005, pp. 43-45; In English; See also 20060011654; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A01, Hardcopy
During the OS, concerns regarding passenger safety, perceived work stress associated with the air traffic control occupation, and controllers' mental states became a media focus ('Sweaty Palms in the Control Tower' was the title of one such article during that time) and a major labor issue (11, 36).Ateam of CAM1 physiologists, led by Carlton E. Melton, Ph.D., and a CAM1 psychologist, Roger C. Smith, Ph.D., combined to perform an array of on-site studies that ultimately included a total of 402 air traffic control specialists (ATCSs). The studies embraced different types of air traffic facilities and permitted comparisons between them and between different shift schedules, different traffic volumes, and the effects of introducing ARTS-III. Physiological tests were extensive and complemented by psychological assessments of job attitudes and of perceived stress. Data obtained included ambulatory electrocardiograms (ECGs), urine samples analyzed for 17-ketogenic steroids, epinephrine, norepinephrin, and creatinine, fatigue check lists, and questionnaires regarding medication usage, physical complaints, and sleep reports. Physiological results showed clear stress effects related to periods of increased traffic volume (i.e. increased workload) both within and between facilities, but no pervasive or unacceptable levels of general 'stressinduced outcomes. The psychological tests resulted in profiles that showed controllers to be particularly well-suited to their occupation; their work preferences tended to be for moderate- to-heavy traffic rather than for lighter levels. Author
Air Traffic Control; Physiological Tests; Stress (Physiology); Air Traffic Controllers (Personnel); Workloads (Psychophysiology)
20060011663 Civil Aerospace Medical Inst., Oklahoma City, OK, USA
An Agency Crisis: Recovery ... and CAMI Shines
A Milestone of Aeromedical Research Contributions to Civil Aviation Safety: The 1000th Report in the CARI/OAM Series; March 2005, pp. 46-49; In English; See also 20060011654; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A02, Hardcopy
In 1981, an historic labor-management and labor law crisis hit the agency - the illegal strike by more than 11,000 air traffic controllers, who were subsequently fired by U.S. President Ronald Reagan. 'Strike recovery' imposed immediate, severe, operational requirements (despite curtailment in the amount of traffic) that included the very demanding daily handling of air traffic by a much smaller than needed contingent of controllers supplemented with supervisory and managerial air traffic personnel who went back to the 'boards' ... and by some military controllers. It also required major infrastructure changes under intensive time pressures - viz., selecting, training, and hiring thousands of new controllers at a significantly faster pace than ever before while maintaining aviation safety. And CAMI played a key role by increasing its existing partnership with the FAA Academy via the selection and training research psychologists who had succeeded Bart Cobb. One of those researchers, James O. Boone, Ed.D., was recognized as pre-eminent by the FAA Administrator, was assigned to his staff (as FAA-1B), and moved to Washington, D.C., where he participated in the hiring plans and provided statistical projections for decision-making regarding ATC applicants and their training; he later became involved in new agency approaches to management training and ultimately participated in a variety of other high level agency policy groups. Author
Air Traffic Controllers (Personnel); Flight Safety; Labor; Policies; Air Traffic Control
20060011665 Civil Aerospace Medical Inst., Oklahoma City, OK, USA
Sharing Knowledge ... and Resources
A Milestone of Aeromedical Research Contributions to Civil Aviation Safety: The 1000th Report in the CARI/OAM Series; March 2005, pp. 69-72; In English; See also 20060011654; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A01, Hardcopy
CAMI's research outcomes and their by-products have immediate conduits to the FAA, the National Transportation Safety Board, NASA, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the military, and the aviation and aerospace industries. And there are regularly scheduled exchanges with scientific and professional groups. All of these conduits tend to involve regular, intensive, and largely formal interactions.. .many of which are evident in the preceding sections of this report. But CAMI's contributions and free sharing of knowledge and resources extend to other entities and involve the development and modification of formats at CAMI for providing special opportunities for special groups. For example, many local junior college, college, and university students have gained research experience as summer aides or part-time aides through special student programs or via the participation of CAMI researchers on university faculties. Some other types of opportunities are depicted in this section. They comprise important elements in the conduct, scope, and meaningfulness of CAMI s scientific enterprise.. .all in support of improving aviation and aerospace safety. Author
Aerospace Industry; Aerospace Safety; Aircraft Safety; Safety Management
20060011666 Civil Aerospace Medical Inst., Oklahoma City, OK, USA
The Flight Environment: Altitude, Temperature, Ozone ... and Radiation
A Milestone of Aeromedical Research Contributions to Civil Aviation Safety: The 1000th Report in the CARI/OAM Series; March 2005, pp. 56-58; In English; See also 20060011654; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A01, Hardcopy
Altitude: Studies on altitude and oxygen masks were undertaken by John Swearingen and his small team prior to the opening of CARI. They were continued by Ernest McFadden and, later, by E. Arnold Higgins, Ph.D. The continuation of that important line of work resides in the periodic development of new oxygen masks and types of delivery systems. The work comprises evaluating any safety issues in accessing and using those devices, assessing the effects of their use on emergency evacuation times, and testing the integrity of the masks in the aviation environment. The latter includes research regarding the fit of masks on bearded men and on the smaller face structure of women and children. Temperature: Research on temperature as an aviation stressor was conducted primarily by P. F. Iampietro, Ph.D., (original head of the physiology laboratory) and by Carlton E. Melton, Ph.D., (who later succeeded Iampietro), in the '60s and early '70s. Melton's work was closely associated with his studies on assessing stress issues in the training of general aviation pilots. In those studies, the effects of high cockpit temperatures on flight simulator performance and pilot physiology were studied for their training implications and for application to crop duster pilots. In 1968, during the developmental stages of the supersonic transport (SST), Higgins examined complex performance in temperatures up to 140 F over a time period required to get an SST down from cruising flight altitudes in the event of an in-flight air compressor failure. (Other CAMI studies assessed emergency passenger evacuation in an SST model.) Ozone: Higgins and Melton, along with Michael T. Lategola, Ph.D., also led the work on ozone assessments. Ozone level exposures had been raised as a subject of concern by aviation industry employees in the late '70s (and again in the late OS, stimulated as an off-shoot of concerns over urban environments). CAMI's research was conducted with an emphasis on pulmonary function. That work assured that no harmful ozone effects were present in the aviation environment. An updated review of ozone findings was provided in a 1989 CAMI report by Melton. Author
Flight Altitude; Temperature Effects; Ozone; High Temperature; Flight Simulators; Cockpit Simulators
20060012047 National Transportation Safety Board, Washington, DC USA
Controlled Flight Into Terrain Beech King Air 200, N501RH, Stuart, Virginia, on October 24, 2004. Aircraft Accident Brief
Feb. 07, 2006; 28 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2006-104812; NTSB/AAB-06/01; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
On October 24, 2004, about 1235 eastern daylight time, a Beech King Air 200, N501RH, operated by Hendrick Motorsports, Inc., crashed into mountainous terrain in Stuart, Virginia, during a missed approach to Martinsville/Blue Ridge Airport (MTV), Martinsville, Virginia. The flight was transporting Hendrick Motorsports employees and others to an automobile race in Martinsville, Virginia. The two flight crewmembers and eight passengers were killed, and the airplane was destroyed by impact forces and postcrash fire. The flight was operating under the provisions of 14 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 91 on an instrument flight rules (IFR) flight plan. Instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) prevailed at the time of the accident. NTIS
Accident Investigation; Aircraft Accidents; Flight Control; Terrain
Source: NASA
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