SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL AEROSPACE REPORTS
A Biweekly Publication of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
VOLUME 44, ISSUE 8 - April 21, 2006
45 ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
Includes atmospheric, water, soil, noise, and thermal pollution.
20060010337 Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
Healthy Air: A Community and Business Leaders Guide
May 2005; 118 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2006-101611; EPA/453/B-05-001; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A06, Hardcopy
This guide is a collection of non-regulatory, time-and-cost-saving ideas communities can use to reduce toxic air pollution. Finding the sources of toxic air pollution in a community can be hard, and understanding the effects of toxic air pollution from all types of sources in a community can be even harder. For example, all of the businesses in an area may be doing an excellent job of meeting existing air quality requirements, and no individual business may be causing a problem. However, when all types and sources of air toxics are combined, they may result in a serious health or environmental risk for that community. EPA, state, local, and Tribal air agencies, community groups, and businesses are trying to identify and address these risks at the community level. NTIS
Air Pollution; Commerce; Health; Pollution Control
20060010340 Government Accountability Office, Washington, DC, USA
National Parks Air Tour Management Act: More Flexibility and Better Enforcement Needed
Jan. 2006; 74 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2006-105590; GAO-06-263; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A04, Hardcopy
Primarily because of concerns that noise from air tours over national parks could impair visitors' experiences and park resources, Congress passed the National Parks Air Tour Management Act of 2000 to regulate air tours. The act requires the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the National Park Service to develop air tour management plans for all parks where air tour operators apply to conduct tours. A plan may establish controls over tours, such as routes, altitudes, time of day restrictions, and/or a maximum number of flights for a given period; or ban all air tours. GAO was asked to (1) determine the status of FAA and the Park Service's implementation of the act; (2) assess how the air tour operators and national parks have been affected by implementation; and (3) identify what issues, if any, need to be addressed to improve implementation. NTIS
Flexibility; Management Planning; National Parks; Noise Pollution
20060010348 Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, HI, USA
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Sulfur Dioxide Emission Rates from Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i, an Update: 1998-2001
Elias, T.; Sutton, A. J.; January 2002; 34 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2006-107640; USGS/OFR-02-460; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission rates from Kilauea Volcano were first measured by Stoiber and Malone (1975) and have been measured on a regular basis since 1979 (Greenland and others, 1985; Casadevall and others, 1987; Elias and others, 1998; Sutton and others, 2001). A compilation of SO2 emission-rate and wind-vector data from 1979 through 1997 is available as Open-File Report 98-462. The purpose of this report is to update the existing database through 2001. Kilauea releases SO2 gas predominantly from its summit caldera and east rift zone (ERZ), as described in previous reports (Elias and others, 1998; Sutton and others, 2001). These two distinct sources are quantified independently. The summit and east rift zone emission rates reported here were derived using vehicle-based Correlation Spectrometry (COSPEC) measurements as described in Elias and others (1998). In 1998 and 1999, these measurements were augmented with airborne and tripod-based surveys. NTIS
Air Pollution; Pollution Monitoring; Sulfur Dioxides; Volcanoes
20060010451 United Space Alliance, Houston, TX, USA
Materials and Processes for the New Millennium
Hayes, Paul W.; Richardson, Rod W.; April 16, 2004; 7 pp.; In English; AIAAAnnual Technical Symposium 2004, Houston, TX, USA; Original contains black and white illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): NAS9-20000; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A02, Hardcopy
The single greatest threat to material availability over the last decade has been Compliance to New Environmental Regulations. Federal Regulations: a) Clean Air Acts Amendments - 1990 - Titles I, III and VI; b) NASA Interim Policy- 1995 end date; c) Montreal Protocol - 2000 and 2005 end dates; d) Industrial Toxics Project - HAP emissions by 1995; e) Florida DER - VOC limits by 1995 (CA); f) OSHA Health Related Regulations 1) Carcinogens 2) Mutagens 3). Material availability is complicated by local and state regulations and their own compliance schedules. Derived from text
Materials Science; Processes; Air Quality; Health; Regulations; Policies
20060010870 National Inst. for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
Walk-Through Survey Report: Styrene and Noise Exposures During Fiber Reinforced Plastic Boat Manufacturing
Valladares, R. M.; Blade, L. M.; Dec. 2005; 20 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2006-105521; EPHB306-14A; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
An important area of National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) research involves measures for controlling occupational exposures to potential chemical and physical hazards. On October 27-28, 2005, researchers from the Engineering and Physical Hazards Branch (EPHB) of the Division of Applied Research and Technology (DART) conducted a walkthrough survey at Sea Ray Boats Inc., in Vonore, Tennessee. The primary purpose of this walk-through was to learn more about the fiberglass-reinforced plastic (FRP) boat manufacturing industry and to assess the suitability of this facility for an in-depth survey. The main goals for the walk-through survey included performing a preliminary assessment of the occupational exposures to styrene vapor in air and observing the effectiveness of engineering exposure-control measures during the FRP boat manufacturing operations. A secondary objective was to perform a preliminary assessment of the noise exposures occurring during these operations. NTIS
Boats; Environmental Surveys; Exposure; Manufacturing; Noise (Sound); Reinforced Plastics; Reinforcing Fibers; Risk; Seas; Styrenes; Surveys
20060010871 National Inst. for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Results of a Pilot Study of Dust Control Technology for Asphalt Milling at Payne and Dolan, Inc
Echt, A.; Shulman, S.; Colinet, J.; Goodman, G.; Oct. 25, 2004; 42 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2006-105520; EPHB282-11B; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
A pilot study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of water spray controls for a cold milling machine.
The objective of this study was to quantify the exposure reduction that could be achieved through the use of higher flow water-spray nozzles during pavement milling.
The effectiveness of the dust controls examned in ths study was evaluated by measuring the reduction in the respirable dust and respirable quartz exposures in personal and area samples collected during a typical milling job.
Use of the higher flow nozzles resulted in reductions in respirable dust and respirable quarz exposures, but the differences were not statistically significant.
During this study the higher flow nozzles were only installed on the cutter drum and the cutter drum extension. NTIS
Air Pollution; Asphalt; Dust; Dust Collectors; Pavements; Pollution Control; Spray Nozzles; Water
20060010872 National Inst. for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
Evaluation of the Sideswipe(Trade Name) Exhaust System to Reduce Carbon Monoxide Exposure during Motor Boating and Wake Surfing, (Yosemite Lake, Merced, California)
Marlow, D. A.; Hammond, D.; Earnest, G. S.; Dec. 2005; 68 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2006-105519; CT-171-37A; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A04, Hardcopy
The researchers evaluated carbon monoxide (CO) emissions and exposures from two 2005 Centurion Avalanche ski boats equipped with carbureted inboard engines. One of the boats evaluated was equipped with the Sideswipe exhaust system, while the other was equipped with transom stern exhaust. In the Sideswipe exhaust system the engine exhaust is discharged from the sides of the boat instead of the stern. This investigation builds upon a series of recent studies to reduce CO exposures and poisonings on houseboats and other recreational boats. This study was performed for the U.S. Coast Guard for three purposes: to serve as an independent evaluation of the Sideswipe exhaust system, to gather additional data building upon previous studies related to CO concentrations and exposures near ski boats operating under various conditions, and to collect personal exposure data on an individual performing wake surfing. Ski boats, one with Sideswipe exhaust and one with stern exhaust, were evaluated both while stationary and while moving at multiple speeds ranging from 2.5 to 20 miles per hour (mph). CO concentrations were measured by multiple real-time instruments, placed at different locations on the boats and at various distances (10 to 60 feet) behind the boat in motion. NTIS
Boats; Carbon Monoxide; Exhaust Emission; Exhaust Systems; Exposure; Lakes; Wakes
20060010873 Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA, USA, Agricultural Research Service, Council Bluffs, IA, USA, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO, USA
Parameterizing Century to Model Cultivated and Noncultivated Sites in the Loess Region of Western Iowa
Manies, K. L.; Harden, J. W.; Kramer, L.; Parton, W.; January 2000; 36 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2006-105405; USGS/OFR-00-508; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
One of the main questions remaining for global science involves the cycle of carbon among the atmosphere, oceans, and land. Scientists are trying to better determine the amount of carbon stored in and transferred between these three locations. This task has become more complex because in recent decades the amount of carbon released into the atmosphere has increased due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use changes. The amount of this increase is greater than the amount of carbon accumulating in the atmosphere and oceans. Many scientists are studying different terrestrial ecosystems to find this 'missing' carbon. One such project is the Mississippi Basin Carbon Project (MBCP) of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). MBCP is studying the soils and sediments of the Mississippi River Basin, with an emphasis on understanding human influences on erosion and thus the movement of carbon within a landscape. One goal of the MBCP is to understand, at the field scale, the key processes of erosion and sedimentation, and thus the movement of carbon, in upland areas. Both field measurements and modeling efforts are being used for this purpose. NTIS
Carbon; Earth Atmosphere; Geological Surveys; Iowa; Oceans
20060010893 Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX USA
Mexican Truck Idling Emissions at the El Paso - Ciudad Juarez Border Location
Zietsman, J.; Villa, J. C.; Forrest, T. L.; Storey, J. M.; Nov. 2005; 166 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2006-105582; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
This project was co-sponsored by the Southwest University Transportation Center (SWUTC) and Region 6 of the USA Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Border Environment Cooperation Commission. The overall goal of the project was to develop a methodology and to apply this methodology to estimate emissions produced by trucks from Mexico crossing the El Paso-Ciudad Juarez border locations. The specific objectives of the study were to develop a: border crossing fleet profile - profile of the make, model, and year of trucks crossing the two main border bridges; border crossing travel profile -profiles of the drive cycles (acceleration, deceleration, cruising, idling, and creep idling) of trucks crossing the two main border bridges; and border crossing emissions profile -estimates of idling emissions and driving emissions of trucks crossing the two main border bridges. Texas Transportation Institute used portable emissions measurement system (PEMS) equipment along with Tapered Element Oscillating Micro-balance (TEOM) equipment operated by Oak Ridge National Laboratory to measure the truck emissions. The project provided good insight into the fleet, travel, and emissions characteristics of trucks crossing the El Paso-Ciudad Juarez border locations. NTIS
Air Pollution; Crossings; Exhaust Gases; Pollution Monitoring; Position (Location); Trucks
20060010894 Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
Guidance for Quantifying and Using Emission Reductions from Voluntary Woodstove Changeout Programs in State Implementation Plans
Jan. 2006; 26 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2006-105558; EPA-456/B-06-001; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
The purpose of this document is to provide you with guidance on quantifying Residential Wood Combustion (RWC) emission reductions from woodstove changeout programs. You may wish to use the emission reductions resulting from implementing a woodstove changeout to help meet the goal of attaining the PM NAAQS. This document provides guidance to State/local or tribal air pollution control agencies and the general public on how woodstove changeout programs to reduce RWC emissions may be used to meet SIP requirements. SIP requirements can be found in Sections 110(a)(2) and 172(c) of the CAA. This document does not substitute for those provisions, nor is it a regulation itself. It does not impose binding, enforceable requirements on any party. Further, it does not assure that EPA will approve all instances of its application, and thus the guidance may not apply to a particular situation based upon the circumstances. The EPA and State and local decision makers retain the discretion to adopt approaches on a case-by-case basis that differ from this guidance where appropriate. Any decisions by EPA regarding a particular SIP demonstration will be made based on the statute and applicable regulations, and only following notice and opportunity for public review and comment. Therefore, interested parties are free to raise questions and objections about the appropriateness of the application of this guidance to a particular situation; EPA will, and States and localities should, consider whether or not the recommendations in this guidance are appropriate in that situation. This guidance is a living document and may be revised periodically without public notice. The EPA welcomes public comments on this document at any time and will consider those comments in any future revisions of this guidance document. Readers of this document are cautioned not to regard statements recommending the use of certain procedures as either precluding other procedures or information, or providing guarantees that using these procedures will result in actions that are fully approvable. As noted above, EPA cannot assure that actions based upon this guidance will be fully approvable in all instances, and all final actions may only be taken following notice and opportunity for public comment. NTIS
Air Pollution; Pollution Control
20060010897 Sonoma Technology, Inc., Petaluma, CAUSA, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
Comparison of Integrated Filter and Semi-Continuous Measurements of PM(2.5) Nitrate, Sulfate, and Carbon Aerosols in the Speciation Trends Network (STN)
Vaughn, D.; O'Brien, T.; Roberts, P. T.; Rice, J.; Dec. 2005; 72 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2006-105557; EPA-454/R-05-004; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
EPA contracted with Sonoma Technology, Inc. (STI) to conduct an analysis of the collocated filter-based and semi-continuous data collected during this study. Beyond the 54 STN sites, the EPA speciation network has an additional component of state and local-directed supplemental monitoring sites called SLAMS (State and Local Air Monitoring Stations). The SLAMS comprise a very dynamic network that is currently comprised of about 200 sites placed to meet state and local air monitoring needs. The goal is to determine if the commercially-available semi-continuous carbon, nitrate, and sulfate monitors used in this study are sufficiently robust to allow routine application in the speciation monitoring network. NTIS
Aerosols; Air Pollution; Air Quality; Carbon; Data Acquisition; Nitrates; Sulfates; Trends
20060010911, California Univ., Lawrence Berkeley National Lab., Berkeley, CA, USA
Evaluation of Ultra Violet Photocatalytic Oxidation (UVPCO) for Indoor Air Applications. Conversion of Volatile Organic Compounds at Low Part per Concentrations
Hodgson, A. T.; Sullivan, D. P.; Fisk, W. J.; Sep. 30, 2005; 68 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-861030; No Copyright; Avail.: Department of Energy Information Bridge
Efficient removal of indoor generated airborne particles and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in office buildings and other large buildings may allow for a reduction in outdoor air supply rates with concomitant energy savings while still maintaining acceptable indoor air quality in these buildings. Ultra-Violet Photocatalytic Oxidation (UVPCO) air cleaners have the potential to achieve the necessary reductions in indoor VOC concentrations at relatively low cost. In this study, laboratory experiments were conducted with a scaled, prototype UVPCO device designed for use in a duct system. The experimental UVPCO contained two 30 by 30-cm honeycomb monoliths coated with titanium dioxide and 3% by weight tungsten oxide. The monoliths were irradiated with 12 UVC lamps arranged in four banks. The UVPCO was challenged with four mixtures of VOCs typical of mixtures encountered in indoor air. A synthetic office mixture contained 27 VOCs commonly measured in office buildings. A cleaning product mixture contained three cleaning products with high market shares. A building product mixture was created by combining sources including painted wallboard, composite wood products, carpet systems, and vinyl flooring. A fourth mixture contained formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. Steady-state concentrations were produced in a classroom laboratory or a 20-m(sup 3) environmental chamber. Air was drawn through the UVPCO, and single pass conversion efficiencies were measured from replicate air samples collected upstream and downstream of the reactor section. Concentrations of the mixtures were manipulated, with concentrations of individual VOCs mostly maintained below 10 ppb. Device flow rates were varied between 165 and 580 m(sup 3)/h. Production of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, formic acid, and acetic acid as reaction products was investigated. NTIS
Air Quality; Buildings; Low Concentrations; Organic Compounds; Oxidation; Volatile Organic Compounds
20060010915 National Inst. of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
Computer Security Division 2005 Annual Report
January 2006; 56 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2006-109105; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
The Computer Security Division (CSD) is legislatively mandated to provide IT security standards and guidelines to federal government agencies. Providing useful and timely materials to the federal agencies, however, cannot be accomplished in a vacuum. In a world of growing inter-connectivity, it is crucial to stay abreast of IT security issues and happenings in industry and academia as well as in government. Consensus building with the IT industry, academia, and federal agencies allows us to provide quality products and services. At the same time, reaching out only to U.S. federal agencies and industry would be limiting usefulness needlessly. We, therefore, reach out to engage other governments, other levels of U.S. government, small and medium-sized businesses nationwide, and even directly to citizens. Among the highlights of 2005 was further work on addressing the challenges of Homeland Security Presidential Directive 12 and facilitating the success of the timelines set for the new standard for identification and verification of Federal employees and contractors. We continued our progress in fulfilling the mandates of the Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002 (FISMA), which resulted in Special Publication (SP) 800-53, Security Controls for Federal Information Systems; a draft of SP 800- 53A, Guide for Assessing the Security Controls in Federal Information Systems; and a draft of Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 200, Minimum Security Requirements for Federal Information and Information Systems. The work and expansion of the Cryptographic Module Validation Program continues to ensure the protection of sensitive information in computer and telecommunication systems, including voice systems, and has gained international interest. This, along with our further efforts concerning digital forensic tools and methods, Internet security protocols, creation of the National Vulnerability Database, and outreach to our customer community are just a few of the many accomplishments that mark 2005. NTIS
Computer Information Security; Computers; Information Systems
20060010921 Geological Survey, Tucson, AZ, USA, California Univ., Davis, CA, USA
Operational Guidelines (Version 1.0) for Geological Fieldwork in Areas Endemic for Coccidioidomycosis (Valley Fever)
Fisher, F. S.; Bultman, M. W.; Pappagianis, D.; January 2000; 20 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2006-105394; USGS/OFR-00-348; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
The purpose of this report is to present operational guidelines that will lower the risk of contracting coccidioidomycosis for individuals who work outdoors in areas where the disease is endemic. Coccidioidomycosis (or as it is sometimes called, Valley Fever) is an infection usually caused by the inhalation of (rarely by traumatic introduction through the skin) arthroconidia (spores) of the soil inhabiting fungus Coccidioides immitis. The disease may occur in any individual residing, visiting, or even passing through endemic areas. While this report is directed at earth scientists it also applies to other occupations involving outdoor activity in dusty conditions (e.g. farming, ranching, construction, archaeology, soil scientist, etc.). NTIS
Fever; Geology; Valleys
20060010923 National Inst. of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
Computer Security Division 2003 Annual Report
January 2004; 44 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2006-109095; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
The Computer Security Division (CSD) is legislatively mandated to provide IT security standards and guidelines to federal government agencies. Providing useful and timely materials to the federal agencies, however, cannot be accomplished in a vacuum. In a world of growing inter-connectivity, it is crucial to stay abreast of IT security issues and happenings in industry and academia as well as in government. Consensus building with the IT industry, academia, and federal agencies allows us to provide quality products and services. At the same time, reaching out only to U.S. federal agencies and industry would be limiting usefulness needlessly. We, therefore, reach out to engage other governments, other levels of U.S. government, small and medium-sized businesses nationwide, and even directly to citizens. Our key 2003 accomplishments include advancing development of our cryptographic standards toolkit, our E-authentication work, our management and technical security guidelines, and expanding our Cryptographic Module Validation Program. Our research efforts include advancing development of (1) better means of access controls, (2) means to secure personal digital assistants, and (3) specifications to promote smart card interoperability and attendant security uses. The Division also added public and private security practices to our Computer Security Resource Center (CSRC) website (http://csrc.nist.gov), held an IT Security Capital Investment Planning Workshop, and updated Special Publication 800-38B specifying the RMAC algorithm to provide example vectors with the AES algorithm as the underlying block cipher. Many more projects and details are included in our report. NTIS
Computer Information Security; Computers; Information Systems
20060010937 Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
Review of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone: Policy Assessment of Scientific and Technical Information. OAQPS Staff Paper, First Draft
Nov. 2005; 408 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2006-103519; EPA/452/D-05-002; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
This draft Staff Paper, prepared by staff in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS), evaluates the policy implications of the key studies and scientific information contained in the draft document, Air Quality Criteria for Ozone and Related Photochemical Oxidants: 2nd External Review Draft (USEPA, 2005b; henceforth referred to as the draft CD), prepared by EPA's National Center for Environmental Assessment (NCEA). This draft Staff Paper also presents and interprets initial results from several staff analyses (e.g., air quality analyses, human exposure analyses, and human health risk assessments) and discusses plans for a staff environmental assessment of vegetation-related impacts. Staff believes that these analyses should be considered in EPA's current review of the national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) for ozone (O(sub 3)). This draft Staff Paper identifies alternative standard options for purposes of conducting additional exposure and risk analyses but does not present staff conclusions and recommendations as to potential revisions of the primary (health-based) and secondary (welfare-based) O(sub 3) NAAQS. The policy assessment to be presented in the final version of this Staff Paper is intended to help 'bridge the gap' between the scientific review contained in the draft CD and the judgments required of the EPA Administrator in determining whether it is appropriate to revise the NAAQS for O3. Emphasis will be placed on identifying those conclusions and uncertainties in the available scientific literature that the staff believes should be considered in selecting an indicator, averaging times, forms1, and levels for the primary (health-based) and secondary (welfare-based) standards, which must be considered collectively in evaluating the health and welfare protection afforded by O3 standards. The final Staff Paper will evaluate the policy implications of the key studies and scientific information contained in the final CD (targeted for completion by February 2006), identify the critical elements that EPA staff believes should be considered in the current review of the NAAQS for O3, and present factors relevant to the evaluation of current primary and secondary O3 NAAQS, as well as staff conclusions and recommendations of options for the Administrator to consider. NTIS
Air Quality; Ambience; Ozone; Policies
20060010943 ENVIRON International Corp., Novato, CA USA
Effective Control Measures at High Particulate Pollution Areas: Analysis of Data from the 2002 Phoenix Greenwood Study
Stoeckenius, T.; Rao, S.; Jun. 2005; 54 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2006-104827; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
Annual average PM(SUB 10) concentrations at the Greenwood monitoring station in western Phoenix have exceeded EPA's annual average air quality standard and are higher on average than values observed at theWest Phoenix monitor, which is located just 2.2 miles (3.5 km) to the northwest. While the West Phoenix site is in a residential area away from any major thoroughfares, the Greenwood monitor is located just 330 feet (0.10 km) south of I-10 and within a half mile of the heavily traveled I-10/I-17 interchange. Data collected during a field measurement program conducted in the spring of 2000 were analyzed to determine the extent to which the nearby roadways influence PM(SUB 10) levels at Greenwood. Analyses of the field data showed evidence of stronger on-road mobile source impacts at Greenwood than at other nearby sites, includingWest Phoenix. Dispersion modeling of mobile source emissions showed that on-road sources contribute 3.6 to 4.2 times as much PM(SUB 10) at Greenwood as at three nearby sites (West Phoenix, Autoyard, and the Phoenix Supersite). These results were combined with monitoring data, a recent PM(sub 2.5) emissions inventory for Phoenix, and results of a receptor modeling study at Supersite to estimate that the average onroad mobile source PM(SUB 10) impact at Greenwood is approximately 30 micro g/m(sup 3),which represents 54% of the total observed PM(SUB 10). Local traffic sources within roughly a half-mile radius of Greenwood are estimated to account for 66% of the total mobile source impact or approximately 20 micro g/m(sup 3) or 36% of the total observed PM(SUB 10). NTIS
Air Quality; Particulates; Quality Control
20060010945 Geological Survey, Reston, VA USA
Volcanic Activity in Alaska and Kamchatka: Summary of Events and Response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory, 1996
Neal, C. A.; McGimsey, R. G.; January 1997; 38 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2006-108289; USGS-OFR-97-433; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
This report presents a summary of responses to volcanic activity and increased seismicity in Alaska, the Russian Far East, and the Kuriles during 1996. This list is not exhaustive: only those events which resulted in a significant investment of AVO staff time and energy (here defined loosely as one or more hours of staff time for reaction, tracking and follow-up) are included. Typically, over the course of any given year, AVO receives many dozens of phone calls reporting steaming, unusual cloud sightings, or eruption rumors. AVO also investigates unusual signatures on satellite images. Most of these are dealt with rapidly (less than 1 hour) and are not tabulated in this report. The phrase suspected volcanic activity, used to characterize several responses, refers to an eruption report or a report of unusual activity that is subsequently determined to be normal or enhanced fumarolic activity, weather-related phenomena, or a non-volcanic event. Brief descriptions of volcanic activity and the accompanying AVO response are presented in geographical order. NTIS
Asia; Observatories; Seismology; Volcanoes
20060010948 TherImmune Research Corp., Gaithersburg, MD, USA
Hexachlorobenzene: Reproductive Assessment by Continuous Breeding When Administered to Sprague-Dawley Rats by Oral Gavage, Volumes 1 and 2
Wolfe, G. W.; Pepperl, S. G.; Sep. 29, 2005; 894 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2006-105552; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A99, Hardcopy
The National Toxicology Program generates toxicity data for chemicals of concern in either an industrial or consumer environment. This report summarizes the data generated for hexachlorobenzene (HCB). It has been estimated that airborne emissions of HCB in the USA are between 46,300-63,900 pounds per year. These emissions result primarily from pesticide use and the manufacture of chlorinated solvents (Report on Carcinogens, Eighth Edition). A previous study conducted by Nakashima et al. (1997) examined the transfer of HCB during lactation to suckling rats, and they concluded that a large amount of HCB was transferred from the dams to the nursing pups through the milk in early days after birth. The available data on the developmental toxicity of HCB are limited. This study was designed to generate data on the mammalian reproductive effects of HCB, examine any effects during continuous breeding over two generations, and define a no-effect level for reproductive and developmental toxicity. NTIS
Breeding (Reproduction); Mammals; Rats
20060011014 Organisatie voor Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Rijswijk, Netherlands
Distribution of munition related compounds in the environment
vanHam, N. H. A.; terMeer, J.; Creemers, A. F. L.; January 2006; 51 pp.; In Dutch; Original contains color and black and white illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): A01/CO/438; TNO Proj. 014.13088 Report No.(s): TD2005-0448; TNO-DV2 2005-A243; Copyright; Avail.: Other Sources
Ammunition related chemicals may be harmful to the environment. The possibility to understand the migration of those chemicals in the environment is therefore of importance. This report describes the first steps to get insight into the leaching potential of ammunition related chemicals to the groundwater. Samples were taken from the soil on a limited number of locations (ASK, ISK), known to be in contact with munitions containing the chemicals mentioned. Also some reference samples were taken on nearby locations. The soil samples were investigated in the laboratory for the presence of the chemicals mentioned. At some locations high concentrations of the chemicals were found, such as HMX and nitroglycerine. In addition, the experimental results of a soil sampling at Munitiepark Alphen are discussed in this report. In contrast to the diffuse soil contamination at ISK and ASK the contamination of the soil at Munitiepark Alphen is a point source contamination. Fate and transport models have been used to simulate the leaching of these chemicals to the groundwater. For diffusely contaminated sites, such as shooting ranges, these models gave a first indication of the leaching potential. For point source contamination with high concentrations, the modeling results were unsatisfying. More investigation is required to improve the quality of the simulation. Author
Ammunition; Leaching; Soil Sampling; Soil Pollution; Contamination; Point Sources
Source: NASA
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