SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL AEROSPACE REPORTS
A Biweekly Publication of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
VOLUME 44, ISSUE 6 - March 24, 2006
44 ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
Includes specific energy conversion systems, e.g., fuel cells; and solar, geothermal, windpower, and waterwave conversion systems; energy storage; and traditional power generators.
For technologies related to nuclear energy production see 73 Nuclear Physics.
For related information see also 07 Aircraft Propulsion and Power; 20 Spacecraft Propulsion and Power; and 28 Propellants and Fuels.
20060007910 National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO USA
Broadband Model Performance for an Update National Solar Radiation Database in the USA of America
Myers, D. R.; Wilcox, S.; Marion, W.; Anderberg, M.; January 2005; 14 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-15020390; No Copyright; Avail.: Department of Energy Information Bridge
Updated review of broadband model performance in a project being done to update the existing USA National Solar Radiation Database (NSRDB). NTIS
Broadband; Data Bases; Solar Radiation; United States
20060007923 National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO USA
Progress on an Updated National Solar Radiation Data Base for the USA. Preprint
Wilcox, S.; Anderberg, M.; George, R.; Marion, W.; Myers, D.; Sep. 2005; 14 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-15020349; NREL/CP-560-37956; No Copyright; Avail.: Department of Energy Information Bridge
In 1992, The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) released the 1961-1990 National Solar Radiation Data Base (NSRDB), a 30-year set of hourly solar radiation data. In 2003, NREL undertook an NSRDB update project for the decade of 1991-2000. NTIS
Data Bases; Solar Energy; Solar Radiation; United States
20060007931 Department of Energy, Washington, DC, USA
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| Tools for Aviation/Aerospace |
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Become One in a Million. Partnership Updates. Million Solar Roofs and Interstate Renewable Energy Council Annual Meeting. Held in Washington, D.C. on October 2005
January 2005; 200 pp.; In English; Become One in a Million. Partnership Updates. Million Solar Roofs and Interstate Renewable Energy Council Annual Meeting., October 2005, Washington, D.C. Report No.(s): DE2005-15020378; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
The U.S. Department of Energy's Million Solar Roofs Initiative (MSR) is a unique public-private partnership aimed at overcoming market barriers for photovoltaics (PV), solar water heating, transpired solar collectors, solar space heating and cooling, and pool heating.
This report contains annual progress reports from 866 partners across the USA. NTIS
District of Columbia; Renewable Energy; Roofs; Solar Energy
20060007932 National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO USA
Electro-Thermal Modeling to Improve Battery Design. Preprint
Bharathan, D.; Pesaran, A.; Kin, G.; Vlahinos, A.; January 2005; 16 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-15020379; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
Operating temperature greatly affects the performance and life of batteries in electric and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Increased attention is necessary to battery thermal management. Electrochemical models and finite element analysis tools are available for predicting the thermal performance of batteries, but each has limitations. This study describes an electro-thermal finite element approach that predicts the thermal performance of a battery cell or module with realistic geometry. NTIS
Electric Batteries; Mathematical Models
20060007933 National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO USA
FY 2005 Midyear Progress Report on Solar Radiometry and Metrology Task PVC57301
Myers, D. R.; Stoffel, T. L.; Andreas, A. A.; Wilcox, S. M.; Sep. 2005; 58 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-15020409; NREL/TP-560-37954; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
This report documents technical details for work performed in the Solar Radiometry and Metrology Task PVC57301 in the period from October 1 2004 to March 15 2005. NTIS
Metrology; Radiometers; Solar Energy
20060007934 National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO USA
Energy Storage Systems Considerations for Grid-Charged Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Markel, T.; Simpson, A.; January 2005; 14 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-15020380; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
This paper calculates battery power and energy requirements for grid-charged hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) with different operating strategies. NTIS
Electric Batteries; Electric Motor Vehicles; Energy Storage
20060007935 National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO USA
GaInNAs Junctions for Next-Generation Concentrators: Progress and Prospects
January 2005; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-15020410; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
We discuss progress in the development of GaInNAs junctions for application in next-generation multijunction concentrator cells. A significant development is the demonstration of near-100% internal quantum efficiencies in junctions grown by molecular-beam epitaxy. Testing at high currents validates the compatibility of these devices with concentrator operation. The efficiencies of several next-generation multijunction structures incorporating these state-of-the-art GaInNAs junctions are projected. NTIS
Hydrogen; Solar Energy
20060007936 National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO USA
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DOE High Performance Concentrator PV Project
McConnell, R.; Symko-Davies, M.; May 2005; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-15020411; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
Much in demand are next-generation photovoltaic (PV) technologies that can be used economically to make a large-scale impact on world electricity production. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) initiated the High-Performance Photovoltaic (HiPerf PV) Project to substantially increase the viability of PV for cost-competitive applications so that PV can contribute significantly to both our energy supply and environment. To accomplish such results, the National Center for Photovoltaics (NCPV) directs in-house and subcontracted research in high-performance polycrystalline thin-film and multijunction concentrator devices with the goal of enabling progress of high-efficiency technologies toward commercial-prototype products. We will describe the details of the subcontractor and in-house progress in exploring and accelerating pathways of III-V multijunction concentrator solar cells and systems toward their long-term goals. By 2020, we anticipate that this project will have demonstrated 33% system efficiency and a system price of $1.00/Wp for concentrator PV systems using III-V multijunction solar cells with efficiencies over 41%. NTIS
Concentrators; Solar Energy
20060007938 National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO USA, Howard Univ., Washington, DC, USA
Cost Analysis of a Concentrator Photovoltaic Hydrogen Production System
Thompson, J. R.; McConnell, R. D.; Mosleh, M.; January 2005; 8 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-15020412; No Copyright; Avail.: Department of Energy Information Bridge
The development of efficient, renewable methods of producing hydrogen are essential for the success of the hydrogen economy. Since the feedstock for electrolysis is water, there are no harmful pollutants emitted during the use of the fuel. Furthermore, it has become evident that concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) systems have a number of unique attributes that could shortcut the development process, and increase the efficiency of hydrogen production to a point where economics will then drive the commercial development to mass scale. NTIS
Concentrators; Cost Analysis; Hydrogen Production; Photovoltaic Conversion; Solar Energy
20060007939 National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO USA
GaInP/GaAs/GaInAs Monolithic Tandem Cells for High-Performance Solar Concentrators
Wanlass, M. W.; Ahrenkiel, S. P.; Albin, D. S.; January 2005; 8 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-15020413; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
We present a new approach for ultra-high-performance tandem solar cells that involves inverted epitaxial growth and ultra-thin device processing. The additional degree of freedom afforded by the inverted design allows the monolithic integration of high-, and medium-bandgap, lattice-matched (LM) subcell materials with lower-bandgap, lattice-mismatched (LMM) materials in a tandem structure through the use of transparent compositionally graded layers. The current work concerns an inverted, series-connected, triple-bandgap, GaInP (LM, 1.87 eV)/GaAs (LM, 1.42 eV)/GaInAs (LMM, (approx)1 eV) device structure grown on a GaAs substrate. Ultra-thin tandem devices are fabricated by mounting the epiwafers to pre-metallized Si wafer handles and selectively removing the parent GaAs substrate. The resulting handle-mounted, ultra-thin tandem cells have a number of important advantages, including improved performance and potential reclamation/reuse of the parent substrate for epitaxial growth. Additionally, realistic performance modeling calculations suggest that terrestrial concentrator efficiencies in the range of 40-45% are possible with this new tandem cell approach. A laboratory-scale (0.24 cm2), prototype GaInP/GaAs/GaInAs tandem cell with a terrestrial concentrator efficiency of 37.9% at a low concentration ratio (10.1 suns) is described, which surpasses the previous world efficiency record of 37.3%. NTIS
Gallium Arsenides; Gallium Phosphides; Hydrogen; Indium Arsenides; Indium Phosphides; Solar Cells; Solar Collectors; Solar Energy
20060007941 National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO USA
Bandgap Engineering in High-Efficiency Multijunction Concentrator Cells
King, R. R.; Sherif, R. A.; Kinsey, G. S.; January 2005; 10 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-15020414; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
This paper discusses semiconductor device research paths under investigation with the aim of reaching the milestone efficiency of 40%. A cost analysis shows that achieving very high cell efficiencies is crucial for the realization of cost-effective photovoltaics, because of the strongly leveraging effect of efficiency on module packaging and balance-of systems costs. Lattice-matched (LM) GaInP/ GaInAs/ Ge 3-junction cells have achieved the highest independently confirmed efficiency at 175 suns, 25C, of 37.3% under the standard AM1.5D, low-AOD terrestrial spectrum. Lattice-mismatched, or metamorphic 60 (MM), materials offer still higher potential efficiencies, if the crystal quality can be maintained. Theoretical efficiencies well over 50% are possible for a MM GaInP/ 1.17-eV GaInAs/ Ge 3-junction cell limited by radiative recombination at 500 suns. The bandgap - open circuit voltage offset, (Eg/q) - Voc, is used as a valuable theoretical and experimental tool to characterize multijunction cells with subcell bandgaps ranging from 0.7 to 2.1 eV. Experimental results are presented for prototype 6-junction cells employing an active (approx)1.1-eV dilute nitride GaInNAs subcell, with active-area efficiency greater than 23% and over 5.3 V open-circuit voltage under the 1-sun AM0 space spectrum. Such cell designs have theoretical efficiencies under the terrestrial spectrum at 500 suns concentration exceeding 55% efficiency, even for lattice-matched designs. NTIS
Energy Gaps (Solid State); Hydrogen; Solar Cells; Solar Energy
20060007943 National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO USA
Outdoor Testing of GaInP2/GaAs Tandem Cells with Top Cell Thickness Varied
McMahon, W. E.; Emery, K. E.; Friedman, D. J.; January 2005; 8 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-15020429; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
In this study, we measure the performance of GaInP2/GaAs tandem cells under direct beam sunlight outdoors in order to quantify their sensitivity to both spectral variation and GaInP2 top-cell thickness. A set of cells with five different top-cell thicknesses was mounted on a two-axis tracker with the incident sunlight collimated to exclude all except the direct beam. Current-voltage (I-V) curves were taken throughout the course of several days, along with measurements of the direct solar spectrum. Our two major conclusions are: (1) GaInP2/GaAs tandem cells designed for either the ASTM G-173 direct (G-173D) spectrum or the air mass 1.5 global (AM1.5G) spectrum perform the best, and (2) cells can be characterized indoors and modeled using outdoor spectra with the same result. These results are equally valid for GaInP2/GaAs/Ge triple-junction cells. NTIS
Gallium Arsenides; Photovoltaic Conversion; Solar Cells; Solar Energy; Thickness
20060008072 Department of Energy, Washington, DC, USA
Million Solar Roofs Case Study. Targeted Outreach. Marin Solar Program's Solar Potential Map
January 2005; 6 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-15020330; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
This fact sheet explains how the Marin Solar Program (MSP) conducted market analysis and created a solar potential map on a small budget. NTIS
Roofs; Solar Energy
20060008074 Department of Energy, Washington, DC, USA
Million Solar Roofs Case Study. Overcoming Net Metering and Interconnection Objections New Jersey MSR Partnership
January 2005; 6 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-15020337; No Copyright; Avail.: Department of Energy Information Bridge
This fact sheet explains how the New Jersey MSR Partnership successfully revised net metering rules to make solar installations easier. NTIS
Roofs; Solar Energy
20060008647 National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO USA
High Efficiency Amorphous Silicon Alloy Based Solar Cells and Modules. (Final Technical Progress Report, May 30, 2002-May 31, 2005.)
Guha, S.; Yang, J.; von Roedern, B.; Oct. 2005; 134 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-15020803; NREL/SR-520-38728; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
The principal objective of this R&D program is to expand, enhance, and accelerate knowledge and capabilities for development of high-efficiency hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) and amorphous silicon-germanium alloy (a-SiGe:H) related thin-film multijunction solar cells and modules with low manufacturing cost and high reliability. Our strategy has been to use the spectrum-splitting triple-junction structure, a-Si:H/a-SiGe:H/a-SiGe:H, to improve solar cell and module efficiency, stability, and throughput of production. The methodology used to achieve the objectives included: (1) explore the highest stable efficiency using the triple-junction structure deposited using RF glow discharge at a low rate, (2) fabricate the devices at a high deposition rate for high throughput and low cost, and (3) develop an optimized recipe using the R&D batch large-area reactor to help the design and optimization of the roll-to-roll production machines. For short-term goals, we have worked on the improvement of a-Si:H and a-SiGe:H alloy solar cells. a-Si:H and a-SiGe:H are the foundation of current a-Si:H based thin-film photovoltaic technology. Any improvement in cell efficiency, throughput, and cost reduction will immediately improve operation efficiency of our manufacturing plant, allowing us to further expand our production capacity. NTIS
Amorphous Silicon; Modules; Silicon Alloys; Solar Cells
20060008692 Department of Energy, Washington, DC, USA
Million Solar Roofs Case Study. Partnerships as a Common Thread between Disparate Organizations Florida SunSmart
January 2005; 6 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-15020333; No Copyright; Avail.: Department of Energy Information Bridge
This fact sheet explains how the Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC), a lead organization in the Florida SunSmart (FSS) Million Solar Roofs (MSR) Partnership, expanded a pilot project to include solar energy technology in Florida's weatherization efforts. NTIS
Organizations; Roofs; Solar Energy; Threads
Source: NASA
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