SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL AEROSPACE REPORTS
A Biweekly Publication of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
VOLUME 44, ISSUE 5 - March 10, 2006
45 ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
Includes atmospheric, water, soil, noise, and thermal pollution.
20060006698 National Inst. for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
Comparison of Mist Generation Rates for an Experimental Metal Removal Fluid with a Baseline Fluid During Milling and Turning Operations at TechSolve, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio
Nov. 2005; 94 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2006-101642; EPHB-281-15A; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A05, Hardcopy
Metal removal fluids have been used since the mid-1800s, and their use and formulation have changed over the years to accommodate performance, health, and safety concerns. Recently, adverse health effects were reported in industries using metal removal fluids, drawing renewed attention to methods for controlling occupational exposures to metal removal fluids. In addition to the potential occupational hazards associated with metal removal fluids, disposal of the used metal removal fluids is also a concern to many machining operations. Recently, the identification of many metal removal fluids as hazardous wastes has been a force of change in industry. This classification has lead to the need for more advanced waste treatment and increased disposal costs for common metal removal fluids. This situation has also lead to the development of metal removal fluids that are 'environmentally friendly' which are easily disposed of and have a reduced environmental impact. The primary objective of this study was to compare the generation rate of respirable aerosols between the EPA fluid and a baseline fluid. Two machining processes were studied: milling and turning. The mist generation rate for milling was evaluated at two speeds while the mist generation rate for turning was evaluated at a single speed. NTIS
Cutting; Exposure; Lubricants; Machining; Mist
20060006710 Idaho Univ., Moscow, ID, USA
Pacific Northwest Condiment Yellow Mustard (Sinapis alba L.) Grower Guide 2000-2002
Brown, J.; Davis, J. B.; Esser, A.; Jul. 2005; 14 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-15016727; No Copyright; Avail.: Department of Energy Information Bridge
This report is a grower guide for yellow mustard. Yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.), synonymous with white mustard, is a spring annual crop and well adapted to hot, dry growing conditions. It has shown potential as an alternative crop in rotations with small grain cereals and has fewer limitations compared to other traditional alternative crops. NTIS
Energy Policy; Farm Crops
20060006989
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Comparison of external costs between dry tomb and bioreactor landfills: taking intergenerational effects seriously
Mery, Jacques; Bayer, Stefan; Waste management & research : the journal of the International Solid Wastes and Public Cleansing Association, ISWA; Dec 2005; ISSN 0734-242X; Volume 23, 6, pp. 514-26; In English; Copyright; Avail.: Other Sources
Dry tomb and bioreactor landfills were analyzed with respect to their external costs in an intergenerational cost-benefit analysis in a partial framework which enabled a sounder comparison to be carried out between these two technologies from a socio-economic viewpoint. Obviously, this approach was only a first step for building a comprehensive basis of any environmental as well as fiscal policy in the field of waste management. All external costs are identified and evaluated in three different scenarios, corresponding to a worst case, a best guess and a best case. Obviously, discounting is crucial with respect to an intergenerational perspective. Generation-adjusted discounting (GAD) was applied to take into account equity as well as efficiency criteria, in order to deal with three different types of uncertainties that are decisive in waste policy decisions: a physical uncertainty is captured by introducing our three different scenarios; a macroeconomic uncertainty is taken into consideration by calculating present values using different real growth rates; and a microeconomic uncertainty is taken into account by considering individual peculiarities reflected in their subjective time preference rate. The findings show, that whenever there is a low real GDP growth of less than 1%, the bioreactor is generally superior to the dry tomb (lower present values of external costs). This statement becomes more valid as the growth rate decreases. However, whenever there are high positive growth rates, it is the dry tomb technology which is superior to the bioreactor system. NLM
Bioreactors; Costs; Drying; Economics; Environment Pollution; Public Health; Waste Disposal; Waste Management
20060007260
Comparative anaerobic treatment of wastewater from pharmaceutical, brewery, paper and amino acid producing industries
Rodriguez-Martinez, Jesus; Martinez-Amador, Silvia Y.; Garza-Garcia, Yolanda; Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology; Dec 2005; ISSN 1367-5435; Volume 32, 11-12, pp. 691-6; In English; Copyright; ONLINE: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10295-005-0244-z; Avail.: Other Sources
This study concerned the anaerobic treatment of five different industrial wastewaters with a diverse and complex chemical composition. The kinetics of biotransformation of this wastewater at different chemical oxygen demand (COD) were studied in a batch reactor. Wastewater from an amino acid producing industry (Fermex) and from a tank that received several types of wastewaters (collector) contained 0.83 g l(-1) and 0.085 g l(-1) sulfate, respectively. During the study period of 20 days, methane formation was observed in all types of wastewaters. Studies on COD biodegradation showed the reaction velocity was higher for Fermex wastewater and lower for collector wastewater, with values of 0.0022 h(-1) and 0.0011 h(-1), respectively. A lower methanogenic activity of 0.163 g CH4 day(-1) g(-1) volatile suspended solids (VSS) and 0.20 g CH4 day(-1) g(-1) VSS, respectively, was observed for paper producing and brewery wastewater. Adapted granular sludge showed the best biodegradation of COD during the 20-day period. The sulfate-reducing activity in pharmaceutical and collector wastewater was studied. A positive effect of sulfate-reducing activity on methanogenic activity was noted for both types of wastewaters, both of which contained sulfate ions. All reactions of methane generation for the tested industrial wastewaters were first-order. The results of this study suggest that the tested wastewaters are amenable to anaerobic treatment. NLM
Amino Acids; Anaerobes; Bacteria; Industrial Wastes; Industries; Liquid Wastes; Pharmacology; Waste Disposal; Waste Water; Water Pollution
20060007262
Biological treatment of synthetic wastewater containing 2,4 dichlorophenol (DCP) in an activated sludge unit
Kargi, Fikret; Eker, Serkan; Uygur, Ahmet; Journal of environmental management; Aug 2005; ISSN 0301-4797; Volume 76, 3, pp. 191-6; In English; Copyright; ONLINE: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.02.007; Avail.: Other Sources
Chlorophenol compounds present in many chemical industry wastewaters are resistant to biological degradation because of the toxic effects of such compounds on microorganisms. Synthetic wastewater containing different concentrations of 2,4 dichlorophenol (DCP) was subjected to biological treatment in an activated sludge unit. Effects of feed DCP concentration on COD, DCP, and toxicity removals and on sludge volume index were investigated at a constant sludge age of 10 days and hydraulic residence time (HRT) of 25 h. The Resazurin method based on dehydrogenase activity was used for assessment of toxicity for the feed and effluent wastewater. Percent COD, DCP, and toxicity removals decreased and the effluent COD, DCP, and toxicity levels increased with increasing feed DCP concentrations above 150 mgl(-1) because of inhibitory effects of DCP. Biomass concentration in the aeration tank decreased and the sludge volume index (SVI) increased with feed DCP concentrations above 150 mgl(-1) resulting in lower COD and DCP removal rates. The system should be operated at feed DCP concentrations of less than 150 mgl(-1) in order to obtain high COD, DCP, and toxicity removals. NLM
Activated Sludge; Bacteria; Bioreactors; Liquid Wastes; Metabolism; Waste Disposal; Waste Water; Water Pollution; Water Treatment
20060007576 Pacific Northwest National Lab., Richland, WA, USA
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Statistical Analysis of the Critical Mass Laboratory (209-E) Filter Data
Welsh, T. L.; Jun. 2005; 26 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-15020697; PNNL-15220; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
The potential-to-emit (PTE) calculation for the Critical Mass Laboratory (209-E) exhaust stack, which was developed around 1992, was questioned by the Washington Department of Health (WDOH). WDOH issued a notice of assurance of discontinuance and a commitment was made in the subsequent reply to develop a new PTE.
Samples were obtained from the pre-filters and the first bank of HEPA filters in the 209-E exhaust system and analyzed per the sampling and analysis plan (LeBaron 2005).
The sample information from the exhaust pre-filters and the first bank of HEPA filters provided in Table 5 will be used to develop a PTE.
If the PTE shows that the stack emissions are greater than 0.1 mrem/year, the stack will be designated as a major stack.
If the PTE shows that the stack emissions are less than 0.1 mrem/year, the stack will be designated as a minor stack. NTIS
Critical Mass; Exhaust Systems; Statistical Analysis
20060007579 Pacific Northwest National Lab., Richland, WA, USA
Performance Evaluation of Industrial Hygiene Air Monitoring Sensors
Maughan, A. D.; Glissmeyer, J. A.; Birnbaum, J. C.; Dec. 2004; 72 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-15020766; PNNL-14967; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
Tests were performed to evaluate the accuracy, precision and response time of certain commercially available handheld toxic gas monitors. The tests were conducted by PNNL in the Chemical Chamber Test Facility for CH2MHill Hanford Company. The instruments were tested with a set of dilute test gases including ammonia, nitrous oxide, and a mixture of organic vapors (acetone, benzene, ethanol, hexane, toluene and xylene). The certified gases were diluted to concentrations that may be encountered in the outdoor environment above the underground tank farms containing radioactive waste at the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford site, near Richland, Washington. The challenge concentrations are near the lower limits of instrument sensitivity and response time. The performance test simulations were designed to look at how the instruments respond to changes in test gas concentrations that are similar to field conditions. The instruments evaluated are listed by the type of challenge gas: hydrocarbons (ppb-RAE, Area-RAE, 580 EZ); ammonia (Manning EC-P2, iTX - Industrial Scientific Corporation, MIRAN SapphIRe XL); and nitrous oxide (MIRAN SapphIRe XL). NTIS
Air Quality; Environmental Monitoring; Evaluation; Hygiene; Industrial Safety; Toxicity
20060007583 Institute of Gas Technology, Des Plaines, IL USA, Arkansas Univ., Fayetteville, AR, USA
LNG Safety Research: FEM3A Model Development. (Quarterly Report, July 1, 2005-September 30, 2005)
Salehi, I. A.; Havens, J.; Spicer, T.; Oct. 2005; 18 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-859443; No Copyright; Avail.: Department of Energy Information Bridge
This quarterly report for DE-FG26-04NT42030 covers a period from July 1, 2005 to September 31, 2005. GTIs activities during the report quarter were limited to administrative work. The work at the University of Arkansas continued in line with the initial scope of work and identified the questions regarding surface to cloud heat transfer as being largely responsible for the instability problems previously encountered. A brief summary of results is included in this section and the complete report from University of Arkansas is attached as Appendix A. NTIS
Liquefied Natural Gas; Safety
20060007587 Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX, USA
CO2 Sequestration Potential of Texas Low-Rank Coals. (Quarterly Report, July 1, 2005-September 30, 2005.)
McVay, D. A.; Ayers, W. B.; Jensen, J. L.; January 2005; 44 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-861367; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
The objectives of this project are to evaluate the feasibility of carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration in Texas low-rank coals and to determine the potential for enhanced coalbed methane (ECBM) recovery as an added benefit of sequestration. The main objectives for this reporting period were to perform reservoir simulation and economic sensitivity studies to (1) determine the effects of injection gas composition, (2) determine the effects of injection rate, and (3) determine the effects of coal dewatering prior to CO2 injection on CO2 sequestration in the Lower Calvert Bluff Formation (LCB) of the Wilcox Group coals in east-central Texas.
To predict CO2 sequestration and ECBM in LCB coal beds for these three sensitivity studies, we constructed a 5-spot pattern reservoir simulation model and selected reservoir parameters representative of a typical depth, approximately 6,200-ft, of potential LCB coalbed reservoirs in the focus area of East-Central Texas. Simulation results of flue gas injection (13% CO2 - 87% N2) in an 80-acre 5-spot pattern (40-ac well spacing) indicate that LCB coals with average net thickness of 20 ft can store a median value of 0.46 Bcf of CO2 at depths of 6,200 ft, with a median ECBM recovery of 0.94 Bcf and median CO2 breakthrough time of 4,270 days (11.7 years). Simulation of 100% CO2 injection in an 80-acre 5-spot pattern indicated that these same coals with average net thickness of 20 ft can store a median value of 1.75 Bcf of CO2 at depths of 6,200 ft with a median ECBM recovery of 0.67 Bcf and median CO2 breakthrough time of 1,650 days (4.5 years).
Breakthrough was defined as the point when CO2 comprised 5% of the production stream for all cases. The injection rate sensitivity study for pure CO2 injection in an 80-acre 5-spot pattern at 6,200-ft depth shows that total volumes of CO2 sequestered and methane produced do not have significant sensitivity to injection rate. The main difference is in timing, with longer breakthrough times resulting as injection rate decreases. Breakthrough times for 80-acre patterns (40-acre well spacing) ranged from 670 days (1.8 years) to 7,240 days (19.8 years) for the reservoir parameters and well operating conditions investigated.
The dewatering sensitivity study for pure CO2 injection in an 80-acre 5-spot pattern at 6,200-ft depth shows that total volumes of CO2 sequestered and methane produced do not have significant sensitivity to dewatering prior to CO2 injection. As time to start CO2 injection increases, the time to reach breakthrough also increases. Breakthrough times for 80-acre patterns (40-acre well spacing) ranged from 850 days (2.3 years) to 5,380 days (14.7 years) for the reservoir parameters and well injection/production schedules investigated.
Preliminary economic modeling results using a gas price of $7 - $8 per Mscf and CO2 credits of $1.33 per ton CO2 indicate that injection of flue gas (87% N2 - 13% CO2) and 50% N2 - 50% CO2 are more economically viable than injecting 100% CO2. Results also indicate that injection rate and duration and timing of dewatering prior to CO2 injection have no significant effect on the economic viability of the project(s). NTIS
Carbon Dioxide; Coal; Fuels; Gas Recovery; Methane
20060007628 Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC USA, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
Regulatory Impact Analysis of the Proposed Guidelines for Best Available Retrofit Technology (BART) Determinations Under the Regional Haze Regulations
Chappell, L.; Hubbell, B.; Pekar, Z.; Kramarchuk, R.; Depro, B.; Apr. 2004; 280 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2006-104808; EPA/452/R-04/009; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
This document is a Regulatory Impact Analysis of the proposed guidelines for BestAvailable Retrofit Technology (BART) determinations under the regional haze regulations. Estimates of the health and welfare benefits and costs of the proposed rule are reported in this document. Additional impacts such as small business, unfunded mandates, and energy impacts are analyzed in the report. NTIS
Air Pollution; Cost Analysis; Cost Effectiveness; Economic Analysis; Haze; Pollution Control; Regulations
20060007630 Coordinating Research Council, Inc., Alpharetta, GA USA
Effects of Ethanol and Volatility Parameters on Exhaust Emissions
Durbin, T. D.; Miller, J. W.; Younglove, T.; Huai, T.; Cocker, K.; Jan. 30, 2006; 80 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2006-104818; CRC-E-67; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A05, Hardcopy
The goal of the present project is to expand the database of information available on the impacts of gasoline volatility parameters and ethanol content on exhaust emissions. This program includes a test fleet with the newest technology vehicles and a comprehensive set of test fuels with varying ethanol content and mid-range and back-end volatility. For this study, 12 California-certified LEV to SULEV vehicles, with an even split between passenger cars and light-duty trucks, were tested on a 12 fuel test matrix. The 12 fuels were designed with independently varying levels of ethanol concentration (0 volume %, 5.7 volume %, and 10 volume %), T(sub 50) (195 deg F, 215 deg F, and 235 deg F), and T(sub 90) (295 deg F, 330 deg F, and 355 deg F). The fuel matrix was designed to represent both non-oxygenated and oxygenated fuels available in California and the rest of the US. Vehicles were tested with catalysts that were bench-aged to an equivalent of 100,000 miles. Measurements included regulated exhaust emissions (non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), carbon monoxide (CO), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx)), fuel consumption, as well as detailed non-methane organic gas (NMOG) speciation for a subset of four fuels. Complete randomization of the fuels testing order resulted in a more statistically-robust dataset for analysis. NTIS
Ethyl Alcohol; Exhaust Emission; Volatility
20060007633 Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA, USA
Improving Fine Grid Meteorological Simulations for Air Quality Application, Phase 2
Stauffer, D. R.; Deng, A.; Jan. 20, 2006; 176 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2006-104819; CRC-A-46-PHASE-2; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
To further study how to improve 4-km mesoscale model simulations by building on lessons learned in Phase 1 of CRC A-46 project, ten new modeling experiments (four MM5 and six WRF) were designed and applied to a case study in this second phase of the project. Both subjective and objective evaluations have been performed on the model-simulated fields. Subjective evaluation again focused on the model-simulated precipitation field and the surface-layer winds, temperature and sea-level pressure at model hours 21 h (09 UTC 19 September 1983) and 30 h (18 UTC 19 September 1983). The 21-h time represented a night-time period when a mid-latitude frontal system was moving eastward across the northeast US on the 4-km domain, and the 30-h time was a day-time period when intense convective systems formed along the front and caused widespread distortion in the low-level wind flow and mass fields. Objective evaluation was performed by comparing the mean absolute error (MAE) and mean error (ME) distributions (over time at the surface vs. all vertical layers for the 30-h case period) of the model-simulated wind speed, wind direction, vector wind difference, temperature, water vapor mixing ratio and sea-level pressure for all ten model experiments. NTIS
Air Quality; Computerized Simulation; Meteorological Parameters; Simulation
20060007655 National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO USA
Yosemite Waters: Vehicle Evaluation Report
Aug. 2005; 32 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-15020004; No Copyright; Avail.: Department of Energy Information Bridge
The document details the evaluation of Fischer-Tropsch diesel, a gas-to-liquid fuel, in medium-duty delivery vehicles at Yosemite Waters. The study was conducted by NREL at the company's Fullerton, California, bottling headquarters. NTIS
Synthetic Fuels; Water
20060007695 Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC, USA
Economic Census 2002: Manufacturing, Industry Series. Air Purification Equipment Manufacturing
Dec. 2004; 54 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2006-103323; EC02-31I-333411(RV); No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A04, Hardcopy
The economic census is the major source of facts about the structure and functioning of the nation's economy. It provides essential information for government, business, industry, and the general public. Title 13 of the USA Code (Sections 131, 191, and 224) directs the Census Bureau to take the economic census every 5 years, covering years ending in 2 and 7. The economic census furnishes an important part of the framework for such composite measures as the gross domestic product estimates, input/output measures, production and price indexes, and other statistical series that measure short-term changes in economic conditions. The Manufacturing sector comprises establishments engaged in the mechanical, physical, or chemical transformation of materials, substances, or components into new products. The assembling of component parts of manufactured products is considered manufacturing, except in cases where the activity is appropriately classified in construction. NTIS
Air Pollution; Air Purification; Census; Dust Collectors; Economic Analysis; Economics; Industries; Manufacturing
Source: NASA
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