SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL AEROSPACE REPORTS
A Biweekly Publication of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
VOLUME 44, ISSUE 3 - February 10, 2006
45 ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
Includes atmospheric, water, soil, noise, and thermal pollution.
20060003950 Department of Energy, Washington, DC USA
Seismic Analysis for Preclosure Safety
January 2005; 344 pp.; In EnglishReport No.(s): DE2005-841269; No Copyright; Avail.: Department of Energy Information Bridge
The purpose of this seismic preclosure safety analysis is to identify the potential seismically-initiated event sequencesassociated with preclosure operations of the repository at Yucca Mountain and assign appropriate design bases to provideassurance of achieving the performance objectives specified in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 10 CFR Part 63 forradiological consequences. This seismic preclosure safety analysis is performed in support of the License Application for theYucca Mountain Project. In more detail, this analysis identifies the systems, structures, and components (SSCs) that are subjectto seismic design bases. This analysis assigns one of two design basis ground motion (DBGM) levels, DBGM-1 or DBGM-2,to SSCs important to safety (ITS) that are credited in the prevention or mitigation of seismically-initiated event sequences. NTIS
Safety; Seismology; Earth Movements
20060004041 Idaho Univ., Moscow, ID, USA
Biodiesel from Yellow Mustard Oil
Peterson, C.; Thompson, J.; Dec. 2005; 28 pp.; In EnglishContract(s)/Grant(s): DTRS98-G-0027Report No.(s): PB2006-101567; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
The goals of this project were to evaluate locally developed yellow mustard cultivars, experiment with the biodiesel madefrom them through stationary engine and on-road testing and to sponsor and host the tenth biennial bioenergy conference. A2001 Volkswagen 1.9 L TDI beetle and a 1999 Cummins powered Dodge diesel pickilp truck continue to run on 100 percentyellow mustard biodiesel (MEE). The beetle has accumulated a total of 12,210 miles, and the Dodge, 27,230 miles. Nooperational problems have been noted. Oil analysis results have all been normal. The Vandal Trolley has been has been runningon B20 to document the long-term effects of biodiesel on stop-and-start drives.Stationary engine tests include the completionof a 200-hour EMA durability test with a 24 hp, 3 cylinder, Yanmar DI engine running on MEE. During the durability testMEE power averaged 6.0 percent lower; fuel consumption was 2.2 percent higher and BSFC (hp-hrs/gal) was 8 percent higherthan when operated on diesel. NTIS
Diesel Fuels; Extraction; Oils
20060004043 Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC USA, National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO USA
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Valuation of Human Health Effects and Environmental Benefits of Greenhouse Gases Mitigation and Local AirPollution Abatement Options in the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area
Gaioli, F.; Tarela, P.; Soerensson, A.; Svensson, T.; Perone, E.; Dec. 2002; 88 pp.; In EnglishReport No.(s): PB2006-102247; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
The objective of this work is to assess through the ‘avoided health cost’ method what would be the local economicbenefits of undertaking greenhouse gases mitigation policies and other more local air pollution policy measures. To do so, wehave developed five steps: Base and Mitigation Scenarios (which include mitigation measures to undertake), EmissionsInventory according to the scenarios, an Ambient Air Pollution Model (to calculate the local air quality impacts for eachscenario), Health Effects Estimation (to assess the health consequences of reducing air pollution among scenarios) andEconomic Valuation of those health impacts. Figure 1.1 illustrates the major analytic components and the inputs and outputsof our work. The geographic scope of the project is restricted to the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area (BAMA). This is so sinceBAMA is the most polluted area from the point of view of its contribution to global warming and local contamination, andit is one of the areas where there are more estimates of the possible mitigation options with high probability of implementation. NTIS
Air Pollution; Argentina; Cities; Greenhouse Effect; Health; Pollution Control
20060004045 Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation for Particulate Matter (SHEDS-PM), User Guide
Burke, J.; Apr. 2005; 108 pp.; In EnglishReport No.(s): PB2006-102413; EPA-600/R-05/065; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A06, Hardcopy
The Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation for Particulate Matter (SHEDS-PM) is a population exposure anddose model for particulate matter developed by the US EPA’s National Exposure Research Laboratory (NERL). SHEDS-PMuses a probabilistic approach to estimate distributions of PM exposure and dose for a specified population based on PMconcentrations supplied as input to the model. SHEDS-PM is intended to be used for providing estimates of the range inexposure and dose across a population (variability), and the likelihood of exposures above a particular level. The stochasticbasis for the model also allows for the uncertainty in any given percentile of the exposure or dose distribution to be estimated.SHEDS-PM is driven by a graphical user interface (GUI) that allows the user to specify most inputs needed by the model.At minimum, the user is expected to supply a database of ambient outdoor PM concentrations for the population of interest.Additional inputs required include distributions for the parameters of equations used to estimate microenvironmental PMconcentrations based on the ambient outdoor PM concentration and smoking prevalence data (if exposure to environmentaltobacco smoke is included in the model run scenario). NTIS
Dosage; Exposure; Particulates; Simulation; Stochastic Processes; User Manuals (Computer Programs)
20060004046 North Carolina Univ., Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Numerical Modeling of Aerosol Concentration
Flynn, M. R.; January 2005; 16 pp.; In EnglishReport No.(s): PB2006-102419; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
This is the Final Performance Report for NIOSH Grant 5 R01 OH007363- (01-03), entitled ‘Numerical Modeling ofAerosol Concentration.’ It is presented as a list of publications with reprints, and a discussion of how the papers relate to theSpecific Aims. At the time this report was submitted, four of the nine publications were in various stages of completion - twoare in press, and two are in review (see List of Publications and Reports). A brief summary of the results of these papers isfound in the section entitled Specific Aims and their Relationship to the Publications. This research focused on improving theuse of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and associated numerical methods to predict size-specific aerosol concentrationswith emphasis on human exposure and health. The focus was on determining uncertainties in both simulated and measuredconcentrations to assess the performance of the three-dimensional, steady-state k-epsilon turbulence model. Currently this is the most commonly used CFD model in applied occupational hygiene studies. Both two and three-dimensional simulations were performed using several different turbulence models with the commercial software FIDAP. In addition an in-house, 2-dtime dependent vortex code was run with particle tracking. Simulations employed circular and elliptical cylinders as surrogatehuman forms, but in addition, a highly realistic 3-d simulation of the human form was used for aspiration studies and comparedwith data taken with a mannequin in wind tunnel studies. NTIS
Aerosols; Mathematical Models
20060004048 Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
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User’s Guide for the AMS/EPA Regulatory Model - AERMOD
Sep. 2004; 220 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2006-102422; EPA-454/B-03-001; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A10, Hardcopy
This User’s Guide for the AMS/EPA Regulatory Model (AERMOD) provides user instructions for the AERMOD model. The technical description of the AERMOD algorithms is provided in a separate document (EPA, 2004a). The revised AERMOD model described in this user’s guide includes the following modifications and enhancements: the PRIME building downwash algorithms based on the ISC-PRIME model; use of allocatable arrays for data storage; incorporation of EVENT processing for analyzing short-term source culpability; post-1997 PM10 processing; a non-regulatory default TOXICS option that includes optimizations for area sources and the Sampled Chronological Input Model (SCIM) option; explicit treatment of multiple-year meteorological data files and the ANNUAL average; and options to specify emissions that vary by season, hour-of-day and day-of-week. NTIS
User Manuals (Computer Programs); Regulations
20060004049 Southern Research Inst., Birmingham, AL USA
Continued Investigation of Electrically Stimulated Fabric Filtration
Heaphy, R. F.; Cushing, K. M.; May 2005; 74 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2006-102424; EPA-600/R-05/057; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A04, Hardcopy
An electrostatically stimulated fabric filter (ESFF) demonstration lasting almost 4,000 hours took place at Alabama Power Company’s Plant Miller. A 5,000 acfm pilot-scale pulse-jet fabric filter (PJFF), or baghouse, took a slip stream from Unit 2’s 700 MW boiler. The baghouse was outfitted with a 5 by 5 array of filter bags. A high voltage corona electrode was located in the center of each four-bag bundle, so the PJFF could be operated as an ESFF if the electrodes were energized. A dedicated high voltage transformer-rectifier, controlled by an automatic voltage controller, provided secondary voltages and currents. The ESFF was typically operated at 35 kV and 3 mA, and the current density at the bag surface was 8.8 mA/ft(sup 2) (9.5 nA/cm(sup 2)). Three major tasks were completed under this cooperative agreement. The first was a long-term demonstration of electrostatically stimulated fabric filtration (ESFF). The second comprised preliminary performance testing of a two-stage ESFF using a cooledpipe particle charger and a separate array of collector electrodes. Preparation of a report summarizing the cost and performance of conventional and novel fine particulate matter (PM) control technologies, including ESFF was the third activity. NTIS
Air Pollution; Fabrics; Filtration; Pollution Control
20060004061 Texas Univ., Austin, TX, USA
Integrating MEA Regeneration with CO2 Compression and Peaking to Reduce CO2 Capture Costs
January 2005; 100 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-842857; No Copyright; Avail.: Department of Energy Information Bridge
Capturing CO(sub 2) from coal-fired power plants is a necessary component of any large-scale effort to reduce anthropogenic CO(sub 2) emissions. Conventional absorption/stripping with monoethanolamine (MEA) or similar solvents is the most likely current process for capturing CO(sub 2) from the flue gas at these facilities. However, one of the largest problems with MEA absorption/stripping is that conventional process configurations have energy requirements that result in large reductions in the net power plant output. Several alternative process configurations for reducing these parasitic energy requirements were investigated in this research with the assistance of the Platte River Power Authority, based on recovering energy from the CO(sub 2) compression train and using that energy in the MEA regeneration step. In addition, the feasibility of selective operation of the amine system at a higher CO(sub 2) removal efficiency during non-peak electricity demand periods was also evaluated. NTIS
Carbon Dioxide; Cost Reduction; Fossils
20060004062 Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX USA
CO2 Sequestration Potential of Texas Low-Rank Coals
McVay, D. A.; Ayers, W. B.; Jensen, J. L.; Aug. 2005; 36 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-850189; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS
The objectives of this project are to evaluate the feasibility of carbon dioxide (CO(sub 2)) sequestration in Texas low-rank coals and to determine the potential for enhanced coalbed methane (ECBM) recovery as an added benefit of sequestration. The main objectives for this reporting period were to (1) perform the reservoir simulation and economic analysis of the CO(sub 2) sequestration modeling with sensitivity studies for the base case of pure CO(sub 2) injection, and (2) determine the effects of well patterns/flooding strategies on CO(sub 2) sequestration in the Lower Calvert Bluff Formation (LCB) of the Wilcox Group coals in east-central Texas. NTIS
Carbon Dioxide; Coal; Fuels; Gas Recovery; Methane
20060004068 Winrock International, Arlington, VA, USA
Technical Progress Report on Application and Development of Appropriate Tools and Technologies for Cost-Effective Carbon Sequestration. Quarterly Report for April through June 2005
Gonzalez, P.; Brown, S.; Murock, S. W.; Henman, J.; Kant, Z.; Jul. 2005; 70 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-850334; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
The Nature Conservancy is participating in a Cooperative Agreement with the Department of Energy (DOE) National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) to explore the compatibility of carbon sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems and the conservation of biodiversity. The title of the research project is ‘Application and Development of Appropriate Tools and Technologies for Cost-Effective Carbon Sequestration’.
The objectives of the project are to:
(1) improve carbon offset estimates produced in both the planning and implementation phases of projects;
(2) build valid and standardized approaches to estimate project carbon benefits at a reasonable cost; and
(3) lay the groundwork for implementing cost-effective projects, providing new testing ground for biodiversity protection and restoration projects that store additional atmospheric carbon.
This Technical Progress Report discusses preliminary results of the six specific tasks that The Nature Conservancy is undertaking to answer research needs while facilitating the development of real projects with measurable greenhouse gas impacts. The research described in this report occurred between April 1st , 2005 and June 30th, 2005.
The specific tasks discussed include:
Task 1: carbon inventory advancements;
Task 2: emerging technologies for remote sensing of terrestrial carbon;
Task 3: baseline method development;
Task 4: third-party technical advisory panel meetings;
Task 5: new project feasibility studies; and
Task 6: development of new project software screening tool.
Work is being carried out in Brazil, Belize, Chile, Peru and the USA. Partners include theWinrock International Institute for Agricultural Development, The Sampson Group, Programme for Belize, Society for Wildlife Conservation (SPVS), Universidad Austral de Chile, Stephen F. Austin University, Geographical Modeling Services, Inc., Los Alamos National Laboratory, Century Ecosystem Services, Mirant, General Motors, American Electric Power, Salt River Project, UC Berkeley, Michael Lefsky, Colorado State University and the Carnegie Institution of Washington. NTIS
Carbon; Cost EffectivenessRegulations
20060004080 Lawrence Livermore National Lab., Livermore, CA USA
Modeling of High-Altitude Atmosperic Dispersion Using Climate and Meteorological Forecast Data
Glascoe, L. G.; Chin, H. N. S.; Apr. 2005; 22 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-15015929; UCRL-TR-210992; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
The overall objective of this study is to provide a demonstration of capability for importing both high altitude meteorological forecast and climatological datasets from NRL into the NARAC modeling system to simulate high altitude atmospheric droplet release and dispersion.
The altitude of release for the proposed study is between 60 and 100km altitude. As either standard climatological data (over a period of 40 years) or daily meteorological forecasts can drive the particle dispersion model, we did a limited comparison of simulations with meteorological data and simulations with climatological data.
The modeling tools used to address this problem are the National Atmospheric Release Advisory Center (NARAC) modeling system at LLNL which are operationally employed to assist DOE/DHS/DOD emergency response to an atmospheric release of chemical, biological, and radiological contaminants. The interrelation of the various data feeds and codes at NARAC are illustrated in Figure 1.
The NARAC scientific models are all verified to both analytic solutions and other codes; the models are validated to field data such as the Prairie Grass study (Barad, 1958). NARAC has multiple real-time meteorological data feeds from the National Weather Service, from the European Center for Medium range Weather Forecasting, from the US Navy, and from the US Air Force. NARAC also keeps a historical archive of meteorological data partially for research purposes. The codes used in this effort were the Atmospheric Data Assimilation and Parameterization Techniques (ADAPT) model (Sugiyama and Chan, 1998) and a development version of the Langrangian Operational Dispersion Integrator (LODI) model (Nasstrom et al., 2000). The use of the NASAGEOS-4 dataset required the use of a development version of the Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS) model (Hodur, 1997; Chin and Glascoe, 2004).
The specific goals of this study are the following:
(1) Confirm data compatibility of NRL meteorological and climatological data for NARAC models. Import both high altitude meteorological forecasts and high altitude climatological data provided by NRL into the NARAC system.
(2) Run ADAPT and LODI transport/dispersion codes for one scenario on imported meteorological forecast and climatological data.
(3) Provide documentation of the effort.
The following tasking description gives both the context and manner in which the goals listed above were accomplished:
(A) We had discussions with NRL personnel, notably Stefan Thonnard and Doug Drob, to confirm the data compatibility of the data that we will be importing for use. Data up to 100km in altitude was provided and imported into the NARAC modeling system.
(B) The ADAPT atmospheric data assimilation model was used to take data from NRL and provide mass-consistent three-dimensional time-varying wind fields for the NARAC Langrangian particle tracking code, LODI. A test version of LODI, developed to consider rarefied conditions, higher altitude turbulence, and high initial particle speeds, was used run on the ADAPT output.
(C) The results of the proof-of-concept simulations under time-varying meteorological forecasts and under climatological wind fields are compared and documented in this brief report discussing the capability of the NARAC modeling system for importing and using the high altitude datasets from NRL.
A limited assessment of the difference between dispersion results on the different data sets is made. NTIS
Climate; Climatology; Forecasting; High Altitude; Meteorological Parameters
20060004135 Lawrence Livermore National Lab., Livermore, CA USA
Aerometric Measurement and Modeling of the Mass of CO2 Emissions from Crystal Geyser, Utah
Gouveia, F. J.; Johnson, M. R.; Leif, R. N.; Friedmann, S. J.; May 02, 2005; 64 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-15016180; UCRL-TR-211870; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
Crystal Geyser in eastern Utah is a rare, non-geothermal geyser that emits carbon dioxide gas in periodic eruptions. This geyser is the largest single source of CO(sub 2) originating from a deep reservoir. For this study, the amount of CO(sub 2) emitted from Crystal Geyser is estimated through measurements of downwind CO(sub 2) air concentration applied to an analytical model for atmospheric dispersion.
Five eruptions occurred during the 48-hour field study, for a total of almost 3 hours of eruption. Pre-eruption emissions were also timed and sampled. Slow wind during three of the active eruptions conveyed the plume over a grid of samplers arranged in arcs from 25 to 100 m away from the geyser. An analytical, straight-line Gaussian model matched the pattern of concentration measurements. Plume width was determined from least-squares fit of the CO(sub 2) concentrations integrated over time. The CO(sub 2) emission rate was found to be between 2.6 and 5.8 kg/s during the eruption events, and about 0.17 kg/s during the active pre-eruptive events. Our limited field study can be extrapolated to an annual CO(sub 2) emission of 12 kilotonnes from this geyser. NTIS
Aeronomy; Air Pollution; Carbon Dioxide; Crystals; Geysers; Pollution Monitoring
20060005002 SRI International Corp., Menlo Park, CA, USA
Novel Gas Sensors for High-Temperature Fossil Fuel Applications. Phase 1 Final Report. (Report for October 1, 2003 through March 31, 2005)
Mar. 2005; 46 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-859087; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
SRI International (SRI) is developing ceramic-based microsensors to detect exhaust gases such as NO, NO(sub 2), and CO in advanced combustion and gasification systems under this DOE NETL-sponsored research project. The sensors detect the electrochemical activity of the exhaust gas species on catalytic electrodes attached to a solid state electrolyte and are designed to operate at the high temperatures, elevated pressures, and corrosive environments typical of large power generation exhausts. The sensors can be easily integrated into online monitoring systems for active emission control. The ultimate objective is to develop sensors for multiple gas detection in a single package, along with data acquisition and control software and hardware, so that the information can be used for closed-loop control in novel advanced power generation systems. This report details the Phase I Proof-of-Concept, research activities performed from October 2003 to March 2005. SRI’s research work includes synthesis of catalytic materials, sensor design and fabrication, software development, and demonstration of pulse voltammetric analysis of NO, NO(sub 2), and CO gases on catalytic electrodes. NTIS
Exhaust Gases; Fossil Fuels; Gas Detectors; High Temperature
20060005008 Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN, USA
Coal Particle Flow Patterns for O2 Enriched, Low NOx Burners. (Final Technical Report, October 1, 2000-September 30, 2004.)
Curtis, J. S.; Aug. 01, 2005; 50 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-859101; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
This project involved a systematic investigation examining the effect of near-flame burner aerodynamics on standoff distance and stability of turbulent diffusion flames and the resultant NOx emissions from actual pulverized coal diffusion flames. Specifically, the scope of the project was to understand how changes in near-flame aerodynamics and transport air oxygen partial pressure can influence flame attachment and coal ignition, two properties essential to proper operation of low NOx burners. Results from this investigation utilized a new 2M tall, 0.5m in diameter combustor designed to evaluate near-flame combustion aerodynamics in terms of transport air oxygen partial pressure (Po(sub 2)), coal fines content, primary fuel and secondary air velocities, and furnace wall temperature furnish insight into fundamental processes that occur during combustion of pulverized coal in practical systems. Complementary cold flow studies were conducted in a geometrically similar chamber to analyze the detailed motion of the gas and particles using laser Doppler velocimetry. NTIS
Burners; Coal; Flow Distribution; Nitrogen Oxides; Oxygen
20060005010 Fluor Daniel Hanford, Inc., Richland, WA, USA
Safety Studies to Measure Exothermic Reactions of Spent Plutonium Decontamination Chemicals Using Wet and Dry Decontamination Methods
Hopkins, A. M.; Cooper, T. D.; Ewalt, J. R.; Jackson, G. W.; Minette, M. J.; Aug. 2005; 16 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-852223; No Copyright; Avail.: Department of Energy Information Bridge
The Plutonium Finishing Plant (PFP) at the Hanford site in Eastern Washington is currently being decommissioned by Fluor Hanford. Chemicals being considered for dccontamination of gloveboxes in PFP include cerium (IV) nitrate in a nitric acid solution, and proprietary commercial solutions that include acids and sequestering agents. Aggressive chemicals are commonly used to remove transuranic contaminants from process equipment to allow disposal of the equipment as low level waste. Fluor’s decontamination procedure involves application of chemical solutions as a spray on the contaminated surfaces, followed by a wipedown with rags. Alternatively, a process of applying oxidizing Ce IV ions contained in a gel matrix and vacuuming a dry gel material is being evaluated. These processes effectively transfer the transuranic matcrials to rags or a gel matrix which is then packaged as TRU waste and disposed.
Fluor is investigating plutonium decontamination chemicals as a result of concerns regarding the safety of chemical procedures following a fire at Rocky Flats in 2003. The fire at Rocky Flats occurred in a glovebox that had been treated with cerium nitrate, which is one of the dccontamination chemicals that Fluor Hanford has proposed to use. Although the investigation of the fire was not conclusive as to cause, the reviewers noted that rags were found in the glovebox, suggesting that the combination of rags and chemicals may have contributed to the fue. Because of this underlying uncertainty, Fluor began an investigation into the potential for fire when using the chemicals and materials using wet disposition and dry disposition of the waste generated in the dccontamination process and the storage conditions to which the waste drum would be exposed. The focus of this work has been to develop a disposal strategy that will provide a chemically stable waste form at expected Hanford waste storage temperatures. Hanford waste storage conditions are such that there is added heat to the containers from ambient conditions during storage especially during the summer months. NTIS
Decontamination; Drying; Exothermic Reactions
20060005053 Fluor Daniel Hanford, Inc., Richland, WA, USA, Pacific Northwest National Lab., Richland, WA, USA
Hanford Site Air Operating Permit Semiannual Report, January 1, 2005-June 30, 2005
Dyekman, D. L.; Aug. 2005; 94 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-859123; DOE/RL-2005-04; No Copyright; Avail.: Department of Energy Information Bridge
The Hanford Site Air Operating Permit (AOP), Number 00-05-006, became effective on July 2, 2001. One condition contained in the AOP, ‘Standard Terms and Conditions’, Section 4.3.3, is the requirement to submit semiannual reports by March 15th and September 15th each year, which are certified for truth, accuracy, and completeness by a Responsible Official. This semiannual report contains information from January 1, 2005 through June 30, 2005. NTIS
Air Quality; Emission
20060005055 Fluor Daniel Hanford, Inc., Richland, WA, USA
Hydrolasing of Contaminated Underwater Basin Surfaces at the Hanford K Area
Chronister, G. B.; Umek, A. M.; Aug. 2005; 18 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-852224; No Copyright; Avail.: Department of Energy Information Bridge
This paper discusses selecting and implementing hydrolasing technology to reduce radioactive contamination in preparing to dispose of the K Basins: two highly contaminated concrete basins at the Hanford Site. A large collection of spent nuclear fuel stored for many years underwater at the K Basins has been removed to stable, dry, safe storage. Remediation activities have begun for the remaining highly contaminated water, sludge, and concrete basin structures. Hydrolasing will be used to decontaminate and prepare the basin structures for disposal. The DOE Richland Operations Office (RL) has given Fluor Hanford Inc./Fluar Government Group (Fluor) the task of preparing Hanford’s K Basins for decontamination and disposal. Prior to dewatering, hydrolasing will be used to decontaminate the basin surfaces to prepare them for disposal. By removing highly contaminated surface layers of concrete, hydrolasing will be used to meet the dose objectives for protecting workers and complying with regulations for transporting demolition debris. Fluor has innovated, tested, and planned the application of the hydrolasing technology to meet the challenge of decontaminating highly radioactive concrete surfaces underwater. Newly existing technology is being adapted to this unique challenge. NTIS
Contamination; Decontamination
20060005058 Research Triangle Inst., Research Triangle Park, NC USA
Carbon Dioxide Capture from Flue Gas Using Dry Regenerable Sorbents. (Report for April 1, 2005-June 30, 2005)
Green, D. A.; Nelson, T.; Turk, B. S.; Box, P.; Li, W.; Jul. 2005; 32 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-859168; No Copyright; Avail.: Department of Energy Information Bridge
This report describes research conducted between April 1, 2005 and June 30, 2005 on the use of dry regenerable sorbents for removal of carbon dioxide from flue gas from coal combustion and synthesis gas from coal gasification. Supported sodium carbonate sorbents removed up to 76% of the carbon dioxide from simulated flue gas in a downflow cocurrent flow reactor system, with an approximate 15 second gas-solid contact time. This reaction proceeds at temperatures as low as 25 deg C. Lithium silicate sorbents remove carbon dioxide from high temperature simulated flue gas and simulated synthesis gas. Both sorbent types can be thermally regenerated and reused. The lithium silicate sorbent was tested in a thermogravimetric analyzer and in a 1-in quartz reactor at atmospheric pressure; tests were also conducted at elevated pressure in a 2-in diameter high temperature high pressure reactor system. The lithium sorbent reacts rapidly with carbon dioxide in flue gas at 350-500 deg C to absorb about 10% of the sorbent weight, then continues to react at a lower rate. The sorbent can be essentially completely regenerated at temperatures above 600 deg C and reused. In atmospheric pressure tests with synthesis gas of 10% initial carbon dioxide content, the sorbent removed over 90% of the carbon dioxide. An economic analysis of a downflow absorption process for removal of carbon dioxide from flue gas with a supported sodium carbonate sorbent suggests that a 90% efficient carbon dioxide capture system installed at a 500 MW(sub e) generating plant would have an incremental capital cost of $35 million ($91/kWe, assuming 20 percent for contingencies) and an operating cost of $0.0046/kWh. Assuming capital costs of $1,000/kW for a 500 MWe plant the capital cost of the down flow absorption process represents a less than 10% increase, thus meeting DOE goals as set forth in its Carbon Sequestration Technology Roadmap and Program Plan. NTIS
Carbon Dioxide; Drying; Flue Gases; Sorbents
20060005082 University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Integrated Environmental Services, USA, Sonoma Technology, Inc., Petaluma, CA USA
Residential Microenvironmental and Personal Sampling Project for Exposure Classification
Colome, S.; Lurmann, F.; Reiss, R.; Hering, S.; Jul. 1996; 312 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2006-101573; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A14, Hardcopy
This project sought to gather exposure assessment information for improved modeling of human air pollution exposures. Air monitors were deployed during 247 visits (1126 initial visits, 121 second visits) to homes across four Southern California communities. Home selection was based on concurrent participation in a cross-sectional air pollution health effects study, air conditioning type, and community location. Measurements were performed between February and November 1994, to observe potential differences in seasonal patterns of home operation. Sampling included administration of three survey questionnaires to document housing and human activity factors of potential importance and simultaneous indoor/outdoor air sample collection over a 24hr period. Measurements included ozone, particulate matter (PM(sub 10) and PM(sub 2.5)), formaldehyde, and house air exchange rate in a variable number of homes. A twelve-home pilot study also provided two-week integrated data about indoor/outdoor levels of airborne acids and fine particle chemistry. NTIS
Air Flow; Air Pollution; Classifications; Exposure; Indoor Air Pollution; Samplers; Sampling
20060005086 Coordinating Research Council, Inc., Alpharetta, GA USA
Coordinating Research Council Annual Report (October 2004)
Oct. 2004; 108 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2006-101653; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A06, Hardcopy
Since its inception in 1942, the Coordinating Research Council (CRC) has provided the means for the automotive and petroleum industries to work together with government in addressing mobility and environmental issues of national interest. The U.S. Department of Energy through the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), the California Air Resources Board (CARB), the Engine Manufacturers Association (EMA), the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Lake Michigan Air Directors Consortium (LADCO) and the South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) have continued their cooperation with CRC in co- sponsoring research. This cooperation results in a finer focus on the important issues and leveraging of both technical expertise and financial support. In recent years, the CRC has expanded its cooperation with research organizations worldwide. The CRC is working with the Coordinating European Council (CEC) and the Japan Oil &Auto Cooperation for International Standards (OACIS) to develop a worldwide accepted test method for IVD, CCD and injector deposits in Direct Injected Spark Ignition Engines. The CRC research program is also coordinated with the Japan Clean Air Program (JCAP) on a regular basis. NTIS
Air Pollution; Automobile Fuels; Pollution Control
20060005125 Florida Univ., Gainesville, FL, USA
Multifunctional (NOx/CO/O2) Solid-State Sensors for Coal Combustion Control. (Final Report, September 30, 2002-March 29, 2005)
Waschsman, E. D.; May 29, 2005; 56 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-850457; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
We have made great progress in both developing solid state sensors for coal combustion control and understanding the mechanism by which they operate. We have fabricated and tested numerous sensors and identified the role electrode microstructure plays in sensor response. We have developed both p-type (La(sub 2)CuO(sub 4)) and n-type (WO(sub 3)) semiconducting NOx sensing electrodes. We have demonstrated their respective sensing behavior (sensitivities and cross-sensitivities), related this behavior to their gas adsorption/desorption behavior and catalytic activity, and in so doing verified that our proposed Differential Electrode Equilibria is a more comprehensive sensing mechanism. These investigations and their results are summarized. NTIS
Coal; Combustion; Combustion Control; Nitrogen Oxides; Oxygen; Solid State
20060005128 National Nuclear Security Administration, Las Vegas, NV, USA
Nevada Test Site Waste Acceptance Criteria
Dec. 01, 2005; 146 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-850449; DOE/NV-325-REV-6; No Copyright; Avail.: Department of Energy Information Bridge
This document establishes the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), National Nuclear Security Administration Nevada Site Office (NNSA/NSO) waste acceptance criteria (WAC). The WAC provides the requirements, terms, and conditions under which the Nevada Test Site (NTS) will accept low-level radioactive (LLW) and mixed waste (MW) for disposal. It includes requirements for the generator waste certification program, characterization, traceability, waste form, packaging, and transfer. The criteria apply to radioactive waste received at the NTS Area 3 and Area 5 Radioactive Waste Management Complex (RWMC) for storage or disposal. ‘Storage’ in this document refers to the Area 5 RWMC classified units. The glossary defines the terms ‘storage’ and ‘classified waste’ as they are used in this document. NTIS
Acceptability; Radioactive Wastes
20060005165 Institute of Gas Technology, Des Plaines, IL USA
LNG Safety Research: FEM3A Model Development. (Quarterly Report, April 1, 2005-June 30, 2005)
Salehi, I. A.; Havens, J.; Spicer, T.; Aug. 2005; 22 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-850011; No Copyright; Avail.: Department of Energy Information Bridge
This quarterly report for DE-FG26-04NT42030 covers a period from April 1, 2005 to June 31, 2005. GTI’s activities during the report quarter were limited to administrative work. The work at the University of Arkansas continued in line with the initial scope of work and identified the questions regarding surface to cloud heat transfer as being largely responsible for the instability problems previously encountered. Drs. Havens and Spicer have successfully completed simulations at the required low wind speed of 2 m/s at 10 m elevation, with both D stability and F stability conditions, with the presence of LNG vapor release, but without the presence of dike/tank obstacle features. NTIS
Liquefied Natural Gas; Safety
20060005295 Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab., Hanover, NH USA
Energetic Residues From Live-Fire Detonations of 120-mm Mortar Rounds
Walsh, Michael R.;Walsh, Marianne E.; Collins, Charles M.; Saari, Stephanie P.; Zufelt, Jon E.; Gelvin, Arthur B.; Hug, James W.; Dec. 1, 2005; 31 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A441147; ERDC/CRREL-TR-05-15; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
Only limited data are available on energetic residues resulting from the firing and detonation of rounds from 120-mm mortars. After a live-fire training exercise at Fort Richardson, Alaska, we sampled a firing point for propellant residues (NG) and the impact area for high-explosives residues (RDX, HMX, and TNT). The firing point was snow-covered soil, and the impact area was snow-covered ice. The total explosives residue mass averaged 19 mg per round at the impact plume, of which 74% was RDX, 9% was HMX, and the remainder was TNT. Approximately 6 10 4% of the explosive mass (2,990 g of Composition B per round) remained following high-order detonations. A plume sampled near a low-order detonation had near-gram quantities of explosives along its edge, 50 times the average of the other plumes, and over 300 g of HE were recovered there the following spring. At the firing point, relatively high concentrations of propellant residues were found, averaging 14 g NG. High-order detonations deposit very little explosive compounds and are not likely to be a threat to groundwater. Low-order detonations will be the major contributor of contamination on impact areas. Firing points need more study but are an area of concern. DTIC
Contamination; Detonation; Explosives; Fires; Residues
Source: NASA
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