SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL AEROSPACE REPORTS
A Biweekly Publication of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
VOLUME 44, ISSUE 1 - January 13, 2006
04 AIRCRAFT COMMUNICATIONS AND NAVIGATION
Includes all modes of communication with and between aircraft; air navigation systems (satellite and ground based); and air traffic control.
For related information see also 06 Avionics and Aircraft Instrumentation; 17 Space Communications, Spacecraft Communications, Command and Tracking; and 32 Communications and Radar.
20060001704 Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., Cambridge, MA, USA
Adaptive Noise Reduction in Aircraft Communication Systems
Rodriquez, Jeffrey J.; Lim, Jae S.; Singer, Elliot; IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP '87); Volume 1; 1987, pp. 6.1.1-6.1.4; In English; See also 20060001583 Contract(s)/Grant(s): F19628-K-0028; Copyright; Avail.: Other Sources
In many military environments, such as fighter jet cockpits, the increasing use of digital communication systems has created a need for robust vocoders and speech recognition systems. However, the high level of ambient noise in such environments makes vocoders less intelligible and makes reliable speech recognition more difficult. One method of enhancing the noise-corrupted speech is adaptive noise cancellation. In previous research, this method was tested in a simulated cockpit environment, yielding impressive results. However, in new simulations, reflecting more realistic conditions, adaptive noise cancellation has been less successful. Spectral analysis of the data showed that the diffuseness of the ambient noise field, along with the microphone characteristics, has a significant effect on the performance of adaptive noise cancellation. Author
Cockpits; Noise Reduction; Aircraft Communication; Vocoders
20060002047 Civil Aerospace Medical Inst., Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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Relationship of Air Traffic Control Specialist Age to En Route Operational Errors
Schroeder, Broach D.; December 2005; 21 pp.; In English; Original contains black and white illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): FAA-BHRR523 Report No.(s): DOTIFAA/AM-05/22; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
Public Law 92-297, passed in 1971, requires that air traffic specialists (ATCSs) hired after May 16, 1972 retire at age 56. The underlying rationale was that as controllers aged, the cumulative effects of stress, fatigue (from shift work), and age-related cognitive changes created a safety risk. (U.S. House of Representatives , 1971). This hypothesis has been considered in two recent studies en route operational errors. (OEs).
The Center fo Naval Analyses (CNA, 1995) found no relationship between controller age and OEs. (Broach (1999) reported that the probability of involvement on an OE increased with age.
The purpose of this study was to re-examine the hypothesis that controller age, controlling for experience, was related to OEs. En route OE records (3,054) were matched with non-supervisory ATCS staffing records for the period (FY1997-2003. Poisson regression was used to model OE count as function of the explanatory variables age and experience using the SPSS(R) version 11.5 General Loglinear (GENLOG) procedure. Overall, the Poisson regression model fit the data poorly (Likelihood Ratio 2 = 283.81, p \h .001).
The Generalized Log Odds Ratio was used to estimate the odds ration for age. The odds of OE involvement for older controllers (GE age 56) were 1.02 time greater than the odds for younger (LE age 55) controller, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.42 to 1.64. This range of odds indicated that neither age group was less or more likely than th other to be involved in an OE, controlling for experience.
The analysis suggest that the original rational for the mandatory retirement of controllers may need to be re-examined. Additional research on age and ATCS performance is recommended. Author
Air Traffic Control; Air Traffic; Age Factor; Safety
20060002235 Airborne Internet Consortium, San Francisco, CA, USA
Airborne Internet Consortium Background Proceedings of the Fifth Integrated Communications, Navigation, and Surveillance (ICNS) Conference and Workshop
November 2005, pp. 1-9; In English; See also 20060002231; Original contains color illustrations; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A02, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document
This viewgraph presentation discusses the role of AIC which is to develop networks & networking standards for use in aviation that define methods, means and services for the transport of data, including quality and security. CASI
Internets; Organizations; Civil Aviation; Communication Networks
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20060002249 Graz Univ., Austria
Digital Signatures for the Analogue Radio
Hofbauer, Konrad; Hering, Horst; Proceedings of the Fifth Integrated Communications, Navigation, and Surveillance (ICNS) Conference and Workshop; November 2005, pp. 1-30; In English; See also 20060002231; Original contains color illustrations; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document
The air/ground voice communication between air tra c controller and aircraft does not provide any means of automatic speaker identification and is therefore susceptible to call sign confusion and originator ambiguity. In the near future the analogue VHF radio will not disappear from avionic communications. With an add-on to the analogue radio it is possible to automatically detect the originator of a voice message. Watermarking allows the embedding of an identification into the voice signal. The tag is ideally not audible to the human listener, but is for an electronic system clearly detectable. Requirements on the system are driven by functionality and deployment constraints. The reviewed in-band modem system is in our opinion not fully compatible to the legacy radio infrastructure. The spread spectrum watermarking approach shows room for improvements in functionality and capacity. With informed embedding and known host state algorithms a new trend in watermarking promises large capacity increases. Author
Radio Communication; Very High Frequencies; Avionics; Analogs; Pulse Communication
20060002250 United Air Lines, Inc., USA
The New Future Needs for CNS-ATM: An Airline Perspective
Burns, Joe; Proceedings of the Fifth Integrated Communications, Navigation, and Surveillance (ICNS) Conference and Workshop; November 2005; 47 pp.; In English; See also 20060002231; Original contains color illustrations; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document
This is a presentation that points out US future airspace plans agenda. Topics include CNS-ATM plans on communications, navigation surveillance, air traffic management, safety and security. The report also discusses RNAV routes which are critical to reduce voice and airspace congestion, the recommendation of immediate development and implementation of RNP/RNAV routes in terminal environment, and that routes should be non-sensor specific, allowing the most aircraft to participate. Derived from text
Air Traffic Control; Central Nervous System; Routes; Telecommunication
20060002253 United Air Lines, Inc., Denver, CO, USA
Implementing the Electronic Flight Bag
Burns, Joe; Proceedings of the Fifth Integrated Communications, Navigation, and Surveillance (ICNS) Conference and Workshop; November 2005; 21 pp.; In English; See also 20060002231; Original contains color illustrations; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document
The topics include: 1) Communications: Weather information; 2) AWIN weather on Honeywell WINN Display; 3) Runway Incursion prevention: Final Approach, Runway and Taxiway Occupancy Awareness; 4) UAL/FAA Surface Moving Map Test; 5) AWC-produced Turbulence plot (altitude normalized); 6) ACARS Paper print vs. EFB; 7) Cabin Surveillance Phase 1 B747 FO Display Position; 8) Cabin Surveillance Phase 1 - Wireless Portable Display; 9) B747-400 Cabin Surveillance Phase 2 Evaluation System; 10) AirNet Conceptual Applications; 11) Air_Net Architecture; 12) AirNet Phase 1; 13) AirNet Phase 2; 14) AIR_ NET Block components; 15) United s Air_Net process; and 16) Moving Forward CASI
NASA Programs; Weather; Civil Aviation; Aircraft Communication; Electronics
20060002254 Helios, Inc., USA
A Logical Architecture for Future Avionics
Ravenhill, Paul; Proceedings of the Fifth Integrated Communications, Navigation, and Surveillance (ICNS) Conference and Workshop; November 2005; 31 pp.; In English; See also 20060002231; Original contains color illustrations; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document
The Eurocontrol Agency is developing a Logical Architecture for Air Traffic Management (ATM) in 2011 under the auspices of the Overall ATM/CNS Target Architecture (OATA) Project. This paper considers the avionics module of OATA and by reviewing the interactions between the avionics module and the OATA modules, draws conclusions on the future requirements for air-ground datalink applications. In particular the paper: 1) Introduces the OATAproject and the key elements of the Eurocontrol Operational Concept; 2) Describes the key elements of the 2007, 2011 and 2020 epochs as described in the Boeing Study Report on Future Avionics Systems; 3) Describe the OATA Avionics Module in terms of its sub-modules and provided services; 4) Presents an analysis of the air-ground interactions required by the OATA Model; and 5) Proposes new air-ground datalink applications required by future concepts. Derived from text
Air Traffic Control; Avionics; Systems Engineering
20060002257 Johns Hopkins Univ., Laurel, MD, USA
WINCOMM UAT Laboratory Test Activities
Buhrman, Wayne C.; Proceedings of the Fifth Integrated Communications, Navigation, and Surveillance (ICNS) Conference and Workshop; November 2005, pp. 1-23; In English; See also 20060002231; Original contains color illustrations; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document
The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) has performed systems engineering and architecture definition for the NASA WINCOMM program to support data transfer of on-board aircraft weather sensor data and dissemination of weather information to aircraft in collaboration with the NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC). The Tropospheric Airborne Meteorological Data Reporting (TAMDAR) system is designed to collect meteorological data onboard aircraft in flight and broadcast the data to ground systems and airborne users primarily in an attempt to improve the data used in forecasting models and to provide real-time hazard alerts. The TAMDAR system is being targeted for deployment on General Aviation (GA) aircraft, which will augment current meteorological observations, especially at lower altitudes and during off-peak times. This work has identified the changes necessary to avionics and ground infrastructure equipment operating on the Universal Access Transceiver (UAT) datalink to support this data transfer and dissemination. This paper details the architecture implemented, message types and formats as well as the system data flow. Additionally, the changes implemented to the ADS-B equipment will be discussed along with the testing methodology used to validate the architecture. Author
General Aviation Aircraft; Avionics; Transmitter Receivers; Ground Support Equipment; Meteorological Parameters; Data Links; Data Systems; Forecasting; Information Flow
20060002259 Computer Networks and Software, Inc., Springfield, VA, USA
Evaluation of IPv6 Services for Future Aviation Networks
Kumar, Anil; Bhat, Aniket; Khanna, Mau; Proceedings of the Fifth Integrated Communications, Navigation, and Surveillance (ICNS) Conference and Workshop; November 2005; 27 pp.; In English; See also 20060002231; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document
Today's Aeronautical Telecommunications Network (ATN), which is based on the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) protocol standard, is lagging behind in technology as there is lack of support for it from the industry. This aspect ofATN brings about cost and upgrade related issues. These issues have motivated the aviation industry to consider the next generation networking standard i.e. IPv6 as a possible means for ATN communications With the possible advent of IPv6 various services and issues arise, which needs to be considered. This paper describes some of these services and issues based on tests carried out on an IPvi6 testbed setup at CNS, Inc. with collaboration from NASA-GRC and Eurocontrol. Author
Aircraft Industry; Telecommunication; Networks
20060002274 SITA, Springfield, VA, USA
SITA AIRCOM Datalink Implementation Status
Kearns, Kathleen; Proceedings of the Fifth Integrated Communications, Navigation, and Surveillance (ICNS) Conference and Workshop; November 2005; 20 pp.; In English; See also 20060002231; Original contains color illustrations; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document
The use of Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS) data link for AOC and ATS continues to grow. This has also led to the implementation of the next generation VHF Digital Link Mode 2 (VDL Mode 2), to provide additional capacity and increased data rate, and the Aeronautical Telecommunication Network (ATN). ACARS is essentially used gate-togate for both AOC and ATS applications. Current ATS datalink implementations that are implemented in many locations worldwide include digital-Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS), pre-Departure Clearance (PDC), departure clearance (DCL), oceanic clearance (OCL), FANS-1/A Controller-Pilot Data Link Communications (CPDLC) and Automatic Dependent Surveillance (ADS), and the Centralized FMCWaypoint Reporting System (CFRS) service. In addition, ATN CPDLC is currently implemented in the Maastricht UACC and will be expanding to other European Airspace under the Eurocontrol Link2000+ program. Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) is also being implemented in various regions around the world. Author
Data Links; Aircraft Communication; Satellite Communication; Telecommunication
20060002275 AirNav, LLC, Morganville, NJ, USA
An Integrated Global CNS System
Crow, Robert; Proceedings of the Fifth Integrated Communications, Navigation, and Surveillance (ICNS) Conference and Workshop; November 2005, pp. 1-27; In English; See also 20060002231; Original contains color illustrations; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document
Civil aviation has an urgent need for an advanced communication, navigation and surveillance (CNS) system. It should include the related functions of precision landing guidance, collision warning/avoidance and high speed data linking, and have global capabilities. When the air traffic limitations at O'Hare airport, and the resulting delays are considered, with many other major airports in near similar situations, it is clear that certain advanced technologies can greatly reduce these traffic limitations. It is also clear that such improvements for civil aviation could be used now, not just in 2015 or 2020. It is now being recognized by much of the government and aviation industry that augmented GPS, even with our 60 year-old CNS ground-based facilities as backup for wide area GPS signal jamming, will never have the capabilities needed for civil aviation in the coming decades. GPS is an excellent global navigation system and has innumerable civil as well as military applications, but it has a poor system architecture for civil aviation. That is, it can provide only one of the three needed CNS functions. A look ahead has been started by the Joint Planning and Development Office in the FAA, but as yet it has no conception of the type of system needed. Author
Airports; Central Nervous System; Global Positioning System; Air Traffic
20060002282 Mitre Corp., USA
Safe Flight 21 Implementing Broadcast Services
Strain, Robert C.; Proceedings of the Fifth Integrated Communications, Navigation, and Surveillance (ICNS) Conference and Workshop; November 2005, pp. 1-13; In English; See also 20060002231; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): DTFA01-01-C-00001; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document
In March 2003, the Federal Aviation Administration s Safe Flight 21 (SF-21) Program Office drafted a plan for providing broadcast services along the East Coast of the USA from Florida to New Jersey. A year later, on April 12th 2004, the program achieved an important milestone by providing operational broadcast services (i.e., ADSB, TIS-B and FIS-B) within the central Florida region. Today there are 27 ADS-B ground stations installed, certified ADS-B avionics are available and the system is continuing to evolve. Building on the initial successes, the SF21 effort will continue to deploy ground stations at locations along the East Coast, in Prescott, Arizona, in North Dakota and several other states expressing interest in participating. In addition to the ground stations, the system currently interfaces with approximately 50 radars and additional feeds are planned as the system migrates to new regions across the USA. This presentation will review the current status of the Broadcast Services System and provide an overview of its capabilities and features. Author
Avionics; Systems Engineering; Tracking (Position)
20060002288 Johns Hopkins Univ., Laurel, MD, USA
Communications Technology for Improved Aviation Security
Farroha, B.; Resch, C.; Stoneburner, G.; Preziotti, G.; Nichols, R.; Proceedings of the Fifth Integrated Communications, Navigation, and Surveillance (ICNS) Conference andWorkshop; November 2005; 28 pp.; In English; See also 20060002231; Original contains color illustrations; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document
In the post-9/11 environment, enhanced aviation security is a critical issue for the nation and one that requires the development and use of a range of new technologies. Communications in particular is an enabling technology that can be used to respond to the requirements of newly emerging types of security needs. For example, the dissemination of onboard video feeds could provide an indication of the situation on an aircraft. This paper explores some of these concepts, a systems engineering process that would be used for their development, and technology development considerations. Author
Aircraft Communication; Technologies; Civil Aviation; Security
20060002290 European Organization for the Safety of Air Navigation, Brussels, Belgium
CPDLC and ADS-B in Europe: Alive and Kicking Proceedings of the Fifth Integrated Communications, Navigation, and Surveillance (ICNS) Conference and Workshop;
November 2005; 19 pp.; In English; See also 20060002231; Original contains color illustrations; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document
This presentation discusses the main benefits that the CPDLC avionics package brings for air navigation service providers and for airlines such as increased capacity (decreased controller workload per aircraft, cost avoidance compared to traditional means of increasing capacity (more efficient controllers....avoiding the need for the introduction of new sections), increased airspace capacity, efficiency gains translated into lower unit rates. The CPDLC avionics package also brings; support for AOC services via AOA/VDLM2 and/or ACARS and legacy airport services via AOA/VDLM2 and/or ACARS (DCL, D-ATIS, DSC). The presentation also focuses on the ground surveillance applications of ADS-B in a radar and non-radar environment, on the airport surface and on airborne derived data. The ADS-B brings benefits such as; quality surveillance in a cost effective way, improved situational awareness in the cockpit and opportunities to delegate some ATC tasks to pilots. Derived from text
Air Traffic Control; Avionics; Civil Aviation; Surveillance; Commercial Aircraft; Air Navigation
20060002297 Architecture Technology Corp., Eden Prairie, MN, USA
CompreX: XML Compression and the Airborne Internet
Swanson, Krk J.; Judt, Jason; Proceedings of the Fifth Integrated Communications, Navigation, and Surveillance (ICNS) Conference and Workshop; November 2005; 24 pp.; In English; See also 20060002231; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): W15P7T-04-P-A201; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document
As the Airborne Internet moves towards implementation, the physical limitations of the airborne environment will become a significant issue. While landbased network applications benefit from nearly unlimited bandwidth, near-zero transmission latencies, and potentially unlimited computational power, airborne resources are limited in all three of these areas. In order to move the development of the Airborne Internet forward so that it will become a viable reality, solutions to these limitations must be explored and developed. A current vision of the Airborne Internet involves the use of Extensible Markup Language (XML) Web Services. XML provides the fundamental building blocks to move information across the distributed computing environment of the Internet, offering platform and device independence to users. The difficulty with XML when applied to the airborne environment is that, by its very nature of interoperability, it is a very verbose language both in number of messages sent/received and in the textual content of each message. It is not uncommon for an XML message to be three to ten times larger than the raw data from which it is spawned. In the limited bandwidth, high-latency environment on board an aircraft, XML s very strengths can become its weaknesses. As part of a U.S. Army Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) program, Architecture Technology Corporation (ATC) has been involved in ground-breaking research in the compression of XML. ATC has developed a staged approach to XML compression, collectively called CompreX, which was studied in a highly successful Phase I SBIR program. As part of an ongoing Phase II SBIR program, ATC s current approach to CompreX includes the exploration and tuning of a compression algorithm optimized for the XML environment, a binary encoder, a process involving schema-based compression, and a process called Inter-Document Redundancy Compression. Author
Document Markup Languages; Internets; Algorithms; Data Compression
20060002300 Boeing Phantom Works, USA
System Wide Information Management Prototyping Activities: An Architecture for Common Messaging
Comitz, Paul; Hung, Josh; Proceedings of the Fifth Integrated Communications, Navigation, and Surveillance (ICNS) Conference and Workshop; November 2005; 26 pp.; In English; See also 20060002231; Original contains color illustrations; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document
Boeing Advanced Air Traffic Management is working on System Wide Information Management (SWIM) with the FAA and a team from government and industry on the Federal Aviation Administration's Global Communication, Navigation , and Surveillance System (GCNSS) program. A significant part of this work is a prototype implementation of a service oriented information management system. The prototype features a common grammar for platform independent messaging. Messages are realized through the aggregation of fundamental elements of the grammar. Fundamental elements are managed through the use of a network accessible schema registry . Common messaging will be used to realize a service bus environment for the aeronautical domain. This 'unified domain' concept will feature examples of surveillance, weather, flight plan, and other relevant aeronautical transactions. The prototype is expected to be available in the summer of 2005. Author
Information Management; Messages; Air Traffic Control; Surveillance; Navigation; Flight Plans
20060002301 Lockheed Martin Corp., Rockville, MD, USA
Aspects of Sharing Flight Data via SWIM
Dehn, Jon; Rudolph, Sid; Proceedings of the Fifth Integrated Communications, Navigation, and Surveillance (ICNS) Conference andWorkshop; November 2005; 24 pp.; In English; See also 20060002231; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document
The System Wide Information Management (SWIM) infrastructure being discussed in working groups and research contracts will provide a powerful mechanism to get National Airspace System (NAS) information to clients that previously had either no access or limited access through individual, unique interfaces. Flight data is one such type of information, and one that has the potential for enabling productivity improvements and new functionality that was previously not possible. The effective sharing of flight data: 1) can provide enhanced common situational awareness and therefore true collaborative decision making, 2) can provide additional information to Homeland Security (HLS) organizations that enhance their ability to identify potential threats, 3) can be the basis for international harmonization efforts, and 4) can enhance or extend NAS functions, such as distributing control functions between ground systems and the airplane, or providing more accurate traffic flow management functions. However, there are several aspects of flight data that provide challenges to the true system wide sharing of that data. Some of these are unique to flight data, some are true of other types of data such as aeronautical data and weather data. This paper will discuss various aspects of flight information that need to be discussed before an effective sharing mechanism can be created. Derived from text
Situational Awareness; National Airspace System; Information Management; Decision Making; Flow Distribution
20060002304 Federal Aviation Administration, USA
Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) Enables an Agile National Airspace System - SWIM Provides the Pipeline Services
Hung, Joshua; Proceedings of the Fifth Integrated Communications, Navigation, and Surveillance (ICNS) Conference and Workshop; November 2005, pp. 1-18; In English; See also 20060002231; Original contains color illustrations; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document
This paper discusses what, why and how SOA will make the future NAS more agile. It will discuss the avenues opening for a total transformation of the NAS. The roads of transformation are depending on creation of dynamic services. New service can be created by composing with a combination of new and old services. Services can be accessed independent of location. SOA will provide the agility in sharing information and application services. Finally this paper will prove that SOA can reduce both the F&E and O&M costs. Author
National Airspace System; Systems Engineering; Air Traffic Control; Information Management; Weather
20060002306 Boeing Aerospace Co., USA
The Business Case for SWIM
Glickman, Steve; Proceedings of the Fifth Integrated Communications, Navigation, and Surveillance (ICNS) Conference and Workshop; November 2005, pp. 1-19; In English; See also 20060002231; Original contains color illustrations; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document
The Global Communications Navigation and Surveillance System Phase II team is conducting an investment analysis for Systems Wide Information Management (SWIM) for the FA, under the GCNSS Phase II contract. This paper will describe both the methodology being used to evaluate the business case and strategy for SWIM as well as the strategies being considered and the most promising strategies identified to date. The business case for SWIM may seem easy to close at first glance. Certainly a systemwide approach to sharing information provides significant economies of scale to any company or institution that can achieve that standard. But the cost to move from the current information stovepipes in the FAA (indeed in any organization) to SWIM can be significant. In addition, the initial transitions to SWIM, publishing existing data through SWIM s publish-subscribe mechanisms, will result in cost only and arguably no direct benefit. Compounding the problem, the FAA has seen its budget cut in the last year. The FAA can t afford a large investment and needs to see return on its investment quickly in order to justify the investment at this time. SWIM suffers from its scope, both economically and politically: 1) Economically, SWIM is trying to close a business case for more FAA hardware and software without imposing any direct change on FAA operations. This contradicts the logic expounded by re-engineering champions several years ago that automating processes without changing them provides little benefit. 2) Politically, SWIM requires participating application owners to give up some of their control by adhering to SWIM standards and using SWIM infrastructure in their architecture. Derived from text
Information Management; Surveillance; Systems Management; Cost Effectiveness; Telecommunication; Navigation; Computer Programs
20060002310 Societe International de Telecommunications Aeronautiques, London, UK
ATC Com Upgrades-Designing to Satisfy Airline Business Case for Avionics
Clinch, Philip; Proceedings of the Fifth Integrated Communications, Navigation, and Surveillance (ICNS) Conference and Workshop; November 2005; 12 pp.; In English; See also 20060002231; Original contains color illustrations; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document
SITA was set up by the airlines in 1949 to deploy a global data 'internet' providing cross border service long before telecom deregulation. SITA 'club' now includes over 500 airlines including US airlines that fly internationally. Core is still terrestrial data com for passenger reservations and airline operations. SITA name is French acronym for 'International Aeronautical Telecommunications Organization'. AIRCOM VHF was added around 1980 when aircraft started getting data link. AIRCOM satellite using Inmarsat was added in 1990. Airlines have long used SITA ground network to exchange flight plans, Notam's, weather with ATC. Aircraft now use SITA AIRCOM for ATC data link applications. This presentation concludes that aircraft data communications systems that have been successful were all designed by industry. ATC has begun implementation of data link using the ACARS system and the Inmarsat satellites. VDL3 ended up being much too hard compared to 'simple' split of VHF analog channels to 8.33 kHz. Aircraft communications systems are becoming ever more complex and support many applications. ATC community must decide in this age of outsourcing if it should really go on designing aircraft com links. The presentation asks the question could ATC just define performance/capacity needs, leaving industry to develop the required communications links and convince the airlines to install the necessary avionics? Derived from text
Avionics; Communication Networks; Civil Aviation
20060002312 Johns Hopkins Univ., Laurel, MD, USA
Comprehensive Real-Time Analysis of Broadcasting Systems (CRABS) Software Use for Weather Information Communication (WINCOMM) Project
Spriesterbach, Thomas; Giguere, Stephen; Proceedings of the Fifth Integrated Communications, Navigation, and Surveillance (ICNS) Conference and Workshop; November 2005; 25 pp.; In English; See also 20060002231; Original contains color illustrations; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document
The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) has developed software that can easily incorporate data from various sources and protocols into a versatile analysis and display tool. This engineering tool, the Comprehensive Analysis of Real-time Broadcasting Systems (CRABS) software, was developed for the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). One of its functions has been to assist in the certification and performance evaluation of the Ground Broadcast Transceivers (GBTs) composing the Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) network. The software incorporates a number of sophisticated metrics for analysis of collected data, either in real-time or in a 'store and playback' mode. Additionally, the software has been used to monitor aircraft and engineering information at remote locations. NASAs WINCOMM Project has used the CRABS tool, shown in Figure 1, to provide a platform for data recording, display, and analysis of the Tropospheric Airborne Meteorological Data Reporting (TAMDAR) information in a bench test environment. Using a laptop computer the CRABS software was able connect to an ADS-B avionics suite and graphically display reported position data and TAMDAR information passed over the ADS-B data link, as well as display graphical Next Generation Weather RADAR (NEXRAD) data and selected text weather products. In the future the CRABS software will be used to provide an easily configured display for prototypes of additional weather products that may be transmitted on the ADS-B data link. Derived from text
Computer Systems Programs; Broadcasting; Real Time Operation; Meteorological Radar; Meteorological Parameters; Radar Data; Data Recording; Data Links; Avionics; Transmitter Receivers
20060002313 George Mason Univ., Fairfax, VA, USA
A 4D Flight Profile Server and Probability-Based 4D Weather Objects: Toward a Common-Core Toolset for the NAS
Klein, Alexander; Proceedings of the Fifth Integrated Communications, Navigation, and Surveillance (ICNS) Conference and Workshop; November 2005; 23 pp.; In English; See also 20060002231; Original contains color illustrations; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document
We present a concept for a NAS-wide high-performance server providing up-to-the-minute information on predicted 4D flight profiles (4DFP s) for all aircraft in the NAS, both airborne and those still on ground. The 4D information on significant weather objects, such as convective weather cells, is also provided by the server and is 'fuzzy' (probability based). The server facilitates instantaneous traffic forecasting, combined with weather forecasting, for predictive management of traffic flows both NAS-wide and at major local facilities. The data on the server is shared and used by both traffic flow management and airline operations centers. This common, rapid-access database features asynchronous operation: a variety of authorized tools and applications are able to access the data, update or add 4D flight and weather information, calculate reroutes etc at any time. Each time, the updated information becomes immediately available to all users. One possible way of using this capability is fast-forwarding, or 'nowcasting', whereby the user can project the traffic and weather situation ahead, perhaps up to two hours ahead, in seconds, and can view the traffic/weather animation on the screen. These tools would be parts of a Common Core data- and toolset shared by air navigation service providers and NAS users. Potential benefits include improved productivity, reduced delays and less extra miles flown. Author
Air Navigation; Flight Paths; Probability Theory; Predictions; Flow Distribution; Data Bases; Forecasting
20060002319 Minnesota Univ., Minneapolis, MN, USA
Adjustable Range Broadcast for Desired Airborne Network Connectivity
Zhao, Yiyuan J.; Wang, Yang; Proceedings of the Fifth Integrated Communications, Navigation, and Surveillance (ICNS) Conference and Workshop; November 2005; 18 pp.; In English; See also 20060002231; Original contains color illustrations; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document
Airborne networks are special types of ad hoc wireless networks that can be used on air vehicles, moving platforms, and ground stations to enhance situational awareness, coordination, and efficiency. This is achieved through the exchange of state information among individual vehicles in a timely, reliable, and secure fashion. In commercial aircraft operation, for example, it is essential for pilots and/or ground controllers to maintain a high level of situational awareness of neighboring traffic. The Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) concept has emerged as a feasible and low-cost system for such purposes. In ADS-B, an aircraft automatically broadcasts its position, velocity, and other information on a regular basis (every one second or so) via a digital data link. All properly equipped aircraft within a certain range can receive this information. Because an aircraft only broadcasts its own state information periodically, however, the current ADS-B concept is essentially a single-node operation scheme and its range is limited to the direct transmission range of the airborne antenna. In order to increase the transmission range, a network extension of the ADS-B concept was proposed, in which individual aircraft not only broadcast their own state information, but also relay received information of other aircraft; thus forming a multi-hop broadcasting system. This airborne network is shown to be able to greatly enhance the range of reach-ability of aircraft state information transmission. The current paper extends the multi-hop airborne network concept to allow for individual vehicles to adjust their broadcast ranges in order to establish network connectivity over a specified safety region needed for airborne-based self separation. In this concept, a desired safety region is first defined for a given cluster of aircraft. Each aircraft would then vary its broadcast power properly to ensure the connectivity of the airborne network cluster, as shown in Figure 1. Author
Broadcasting; Aircraft Antennas; Data Transmission; Digital Data; Controllers; Ground Stations; Surveillance; Data Links
20060002322 Raytheon Co., Marlborough, MA, USA
Short Range Surveillance Link for Close Proximity Navigation During Closely Spaced Parallel Approach
Reddy, Pavan; Miller, Mary Ellen; Proceedings of the Fifth Integrated Communications, Navigation, and Surveillance (ICNS) Conference and Workshop; November 2005, pp. 1-21; In English; See also 20060002231; Original contains color illustrations; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document
Raytheon has developed the Terminal Area Capacity Enhancement Concept (TACEC) for the Virtual Airspace Modeling and Simulation (VAMS) Project in an effort towards meeting future NAS capacity needs. TACEC envisions increasing terminal area capacity by enabling simultaneous landings and takeoffs on closely spaced parallel runways by employing 4-D guidance. Implementing this requires highly automated guidance, scheduling systems, highly accurate on-board navigation systems, improved surveillance, and low latency data links.
Work done during the Virtual Airspace Modeling and Simulation (VAMS) Project has established many of the requirements of the guidance and scheduling systems during the various stages of approach and landing. Previous studies have shown that due to the close proximity of the aircrafts during final approach in closely spaced parallel approach scenarios IFR navigation will have to be highly accurate and in addition the aircrafts will need to be equipped with a surveillance system that is capable of rapidly detecting small flight path deviations of the neighboring aircraft. Current surveillance aids are incapable of meeting the surveillance requirements of close proximity IFR navigation.
Satellite based Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) that are planned for the future are effective means of enabling self separation and providing collision avoidance capability, especially in situations where radar coverage is unavailable, however the low update rate and the inability to provide aircraft roll information makes ADS-B unsuitable for usage in close proximity IFR navigation.
This paper investigates the possibility of both enhancing existing technologies such as ADS-B and developing a new system that can meet the short range surveillance requirements for close proximity aircraft navigation. One of the possibilities that exists, is to provide a short range data link between paired aircrafts. Such a link could greatly aid close proximity navigation by providing augmented situational awareness. Unlike the Mode S or Universal Access Transponder (UAT) data links that ADS-B uses, or even any of the VHF Data Link Modes, the broadcast range necessary for such a link is limited to the separation distance between the paired neighboring aircrafts, and therefore such a point-to-point data link can be developed without any need for ground infrastructure. In order to implement a short range point to point data link, a variety of existing media access protocols and modulation techniques can be used, which this paper investigates. Author
Data Links; Navigation; Surveillance; Automatic Control; Air Transportation
20060002328 SENSIS Corp., Dewitt, NY, USA
Applications of a Surveillance Database and Server: An Example of Positive Cost-Benefit for Networking Surveilance Data
Reimmlard, Scott A.; Berkebile, Greg A.; Pittman, Todd S.; Proceedings of the Fifth Integrated Communications, Navigation, and Surveillance (ICNS) Conference and Workshop; November 2005; 28 pp.; In English; See also 20060002231; Original contains color illustrations; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document
The 84 RADES/Sensis surveillance data monitoring and analysis system brings nationwide surveillance data together to provide unprecedented, comprehensive views sensor performance and the surveillance air picture. The key components required in such a system are: Centralized, flexible data distribution. Adequate storage to archive surveillance data for years at a time. Applications designed to aggregate and present the plot data and the analysis data in a convenient, efficient, intuitive format. Single-sensor tracking to aid in clutter and false-target analysis. Additionally, the following components contribute to the system s usefulness: Multi-sensor track fusion for comparative analysis. Remote access for anytime, anywhere visibility into NAS sensor performance. Remote hardware control and configuration tools. Although NAS-wide deployment for the FAA and DoD of this surveillance database and server may be more complex and costly than the RADES system, the operational benefits achieved with the new paradigm will be profound: Storage of all the sensor plot and track data for every sensor in the NAS provides an unprecedented resource to researchers looking to analyze air traffic patterns, investigate specific air incidents, study air traffic control process improvement, validate the current U.S. air defense posture and, conceivably, many more applications. Derived from text
Surveillance; Data Bases; Data Processing; Images; Remote Control
Source: NASA.
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