SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL AEROSPACE REPORTS
A Biweekly Publication of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
VOLUME 43, ISSUE 26 - DECEMBER 30, 2005
05 AIRCRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
Includes all stages of design of aircraft and aircraft structures and systems.
Also includes aircraft testing, performance and evaluation, and aircraft and flight simulation technology.
For related information see also 18 Spacecraft Design, Testing and Performance and 39 Structural Mechanics.
For land transportation vehicles see 85 Technology Utilization and Surface Transportation.
20050244334 Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
EPA Office of Compliance Sector Notebook Project: Profile of the Aerospace Industry
Nov. 1998; 134 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2006-101386; EPA/310/R-98/001; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A07, Hardcopy
This industry sector profile provides an overview of the aerospace industry as listed under SIC industry groups 372 and 376. Establishments listed under these codes primarily manufacture and assemble aircraft, space vehicles, guided missiles, and all the associated parts. Within the industry groups 372, Aircraft and Parts, and 376, Guided Missiles and Space Vehicles and Parts, are the following SIC codes: 3721-Aircraft, 3724-Aircraft Engines and Engine Parts, 3728-Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary Equipment, Not Elsewhere Classified, 3761-Guided Missiles and Space Vehicles, 3764-Guided Missile and Space Vehicle Propulsion Units and Propulsion Unit Parts, 3769-Guided Missile and Space Vehicle Parts and Auxiliary Equipment, Not Elsewhere Classified While this notebook covers all of the SIC codes listed above, the large number and variability of the products will not allow a detailed description of each. Instead, commonalities in the industrial processes, pollutant outputs, and pollution prevention opportunities will be identified and described in more general terms. An overview of general manufacturing processes within the industry will be presented, along with descriptions of the actual products and information on the state of the industry. Although certain products covered under these SIC codes may not be specifically mentioned, the economic, pollutant output, and enforcement and compliance data in this notebook covers all establishments producing aerospace products. NTIS
Aerospace Industry; Pollution Control; Regulations
20050244510 Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., Cambridge, MA USA
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Creation and Modeling of Adaptive Agent Systems
Selfridge, Oliver G.; Feurzeig, Wallace; Sep. 1, 2005; 24 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): F30602-00-C-0216; DARPA ORDER-K548; Proj-TASK Report No.(s): AD-A439841; AFRL-IF-RS-TR-2005-324; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
This project was dedicated to the development of multi-agent systems with nontrivial capabilities for adaptation and control in complex operational environments. The agents in such systems are based on control structures and processes that are inherently purpose-driven. The basic building blocks underlying the operation of purpose-driven agent systems are Elementary Adaptive Modules. EAMs have six elements: a purpose, an action, an action target, an activation, an evaluation function, and a set of control variables. EAMs can be passive or active. Passive EAMs, like servo-mechanisms, act in response to stimuli that are triggered in their external environment. Active EAMs, like hill-climbers, initiate probes in the outside world, evaluate the response, and change their behavior accordingly. EAM-based agents are cascaded to form multi-level systems whose control structures generate goal-oriented behaviors with greatly enhanced capabilities for adaptation and learning. DTIC
Adaptation; Adaptive Control; Learning
20050244562 Air Force Flight Test Center, Edwards AFB, CA USA
Limited Evaluation of a Relative GPS Datalink Between Two C-12C Aircraft (Project 'Lost Wingman')
George, Benjamin E.; Wilder, Bruce J.; Pasanen, York W.; Faulkner, Adam M.; Sullivan, Scott T.; Jun. 11, 2005; 73 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A439999; AFFTC-TIM-05-04; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A04, Hardcopy
This report presents the results of a limited evaluation of a relative GPS datalink system installed onboard two USAF C-12C aircraft. This project was a risk reduction step to test the stability of the datalink to provide relative position and attitude information from a lead aircraft to a trail aircraft for the potential purpose of autonomous aerial refueling. Testing began on 11 Apr 05 and was completed on 2 May 05 after two two-ship formation flights. Relative position accuracy data between the two GPS receiver antennas were compared to GPS Aided Inertial Reference (GAINR) truth source data. The attitude data of the Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) in the lead aircraft were also compared to the GAINR Embedded GPS/Inertial Navigation System (EGI). DTIC
Data Links; Global Positioning System; Transport Aircraft
20050244574 Deputy Chief of Staff, Plans and Operations (Air Force), Washington, DC USA
Aging Aircraft Repair-Replacement Decisions With Depot-Level Capacity as a Policy Choice Variable
Keating, Edward G.; Snyder, Don; Dixon, Matthew; Leredo, Elvira N.; Jan. 1, 2005; 66 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): F49642-01-C-0003 Report No.(s): AD-A440026; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
In Keating and Dixon (2003), we presented a model for determining when it would be optimal to retire, rather than continue to repair, an aging system. This work extends Keating and Dixon along two dimensions. First, we extend our methodology to examine whether a proposed modification (mod) is worthwhile relative to retiring an aircraft. Second, we develop a new methodology to explore the desirability of additional investment in depot-level capacity. DTIC
Policies; Replacing; Selection
20050244610 Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Edinburgh, Australia
C-130J Human Vibration
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Hopcroft, Robyn; Skinner, Michael; Aug. 1, 2005; 43 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A440121; DSTO-TR-1756; DODA-AR-013-471; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
Human exposure to whole-body vibration (WBV) has been associated with a variety of changes in health, comfort, and occupational functioning.
In the C-130J Hercules aircraft, crews from both Australia and overseas have reported that the vibration in the cargo compartment of the aircraft exceeds previous levels and that it is both annoying and fatigue-promoting.
This report examines the issue of human vibration in the C-130J, providing an overview of the characteristics of vibration and human exposure to vibration, as well as a review of studies that have measured the vibration levels in the C-130J.
The likely consequences of exposure to vibration in the aircraft are discussed and recommendations for managing the issue are provided. DTIC
Human Body; Transport Aircraft; Vibration
20050244613 Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Victoria, Australia France-Australia
Technical Arrangement TA1/99 -Work Package 1: Study of the Equivalence of Hot/Dry and Hot/Wet Testing
Callus, Paul J.; Apr. 1, 2005; 84 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A440127; DSTO-TR-1708; DODA-AR-013-374; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
Substantial savings could be made in the airworthiness certification of composite aircraft structure if the strength of polymer matrix composites in the elevated temperature wet (ETW) condition could be predicted from parameter that are easier to measure such as strength in the elevated temperature dry (ETD) condition and the glass transition temperature (Tg). The feasibility of this approach was tested by measuring the strength of AS4/3501-6 unidirectional prepreg tape, T650/F584 plain weave prepreg fabric and T650/PR500 plain weave fabric consolidated by resin transfer moulding, in the dry and 70 deg C/85 % relative humidity equilibrated condition, from 25 to 120 deg C using interlaminar shear, +-45 deg tension, open hole compression and compression after impact tests. Apart from a decrease in strength with increasing temperature and moisture content there was no consistent relation between ETD and ETW strength. It was therefore not possible to predict ETW strength for these materials and tests on the basis of ETD strength and Tg only. DTIC
Aircraft Reliability; Aircraft Structures; Airframes; Australia; Composite Materials; Composite Structures; Drying; Equivalence; France; Matrix Materials
20050244797 Defence Research and Development Canada, Ottawa, Ontario Canada
Synthetic Environments at the Enterprise Level: Overview of a Government of Canada (GoC), Academia and Industry Distributed Synthetic Environment Initiative
Vallerand, A. L.; Kim, B.; Youssef, R.; Hubbard, P.; Skinner, D.; Murray, B.; Poursina, S.; Herdman, C. M.; Gamble, M.; Hagen, L.; Apr. 1, 2005; 25 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A439998; DRDC-OTTAWA-TM-2005-130; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
A new partnership between the Government of Canada (GoC), Industry and Academia is working to help Canada become a world leader in Modeling and Simulation (M&S). The goal is to take SMARRT technologies - Simulation and Modeling for Acquisition, Requirements, Rehearsal and Training - and apply them to the development and improvement of Canadian Forces (CF) military systems and capabilities, as well as a vast host of civilian applications. To this end, the initial partners conceived the October 2004 UAV-NTS SE Interoperability Experiment, which links DRDC Ottawa's Uninhabited Air Vehicle Research Test Bed (UAV RTB) to a Carleton University Networked Tactical Simulator (NTS) modified with CAE Inc. synthetic environment (SE) assets including computer-generated forces. The experiment took place via a non-dedicated unclassified, though VPN-encrypted network over a period of several days. Prospective GoC, Academia and Industry partners, as well as foreign military personnel, attended these sessions. The goal was to show how M&S technologies can be used and made relatively easy at the national/enterprise level, and how lessons learned and technical best practices point to a bright future for distributed synthetic environment applications in Canada's Department of National Defence, as well as for DND's public security partners. DTIC
Canada; Industries; Organizations; Universities
20050244799 Defence Research and Development Canada, Ottawa, Ontario Canada
JSMARTS Initiative: Advanced Distributed Simulation Across the Government of Canada, Academia and Industry - Technical Description
Kim, B.; Johnson, B.; Youssef, R.; Vallerand, A. L.; Herdman, C.; Gamble, M.; Lavoie, R.; Kurts, D.; Gladstone, K.; Jul. 1, 2005; 40 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A439997; DRDC-OTTAWA-TM-2005-101; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
JSMARTS (Joint Simulation, Modeling for Material Acquisition, Requirements, Training and Support), or Joint SMARRT (Simulation and Modeling for Acquisition, Requirements, Rehearsal and Training) represents a new concept for DND (department of National Defence). It is conceptualized as a vision of M&S (modeling & Simulation) at the Enterprise level, led by ADM(Mat). In an effort to reduce the technical risk associated with networking simulation stakeholders at various levels of the DND Enterprise, a WAN (Wide Area Network) distributed simulation was executed, regrouping in the same virtual environment (Synthetic Environment) the Government of Canada, Industry and Academia. In this HLA (High Level Architecture) Federation, the national Canarie Network was selected as the common, non-dedicated, unclassified, VPNencrypted network procuring connectivity between Federates. While CAE Inc. was providing CGF (Computer Generated Forces), DRDC Ottawa's FFSE Section was providing a UAV (Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle) simulator, and a NATO STANAG 4586 compliant Ground Control Station, both supported by the Joint Simulation Network. DTIC
Canada; Industries; Organizations; Simulation; Universities
20050244804 Air Force History Support Office, Bolling AFB, Washington, DC USA
Defending the West: The USA Air Force and European Security, 1946-1998
Mark, Eduard; Jan. 1, 2005; 55 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A439963; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A04, Hardcopy
The USA Army Air Forces became an independent service, the USA Air Force (USAF), in 1947 -- the second year, supposedly, of 'peace.' In reality, there had just begun a long conflict between the USA and its allies and the Soviet Union and the satellite states subject to it. In 1949, the USA and most of the non-Communist countries of Europe signed the North Atlantic Treaty. The USA Air Force, which had been only a token presence on the continent since the end of World War II, once more crossed the Atlantic in strength. The commitment of that service to peace and security in Europe, which continues still, has been the longest of its history. This monograph attempts to give the general reader some sense of the role the USAF has played in Europe since the end of World War II. It contains three sections. The first section reviews the reasons for the origins of the Cold War and describes the strategic concerns that drove the USA to commit itself to the military defense of distant lands. This section also describes the founding of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1946-1947. The second section reviews the higher strategy of NATO with special reference to the central role of air power. NATO's war plans remain classified, but the recent declassification of the alliance's most important strategic documents makes it possible to trace the central role that air power would have played in the defense of Europe: the strategic air offensive against the Soviet homeland, and the interdiction of Soviet forces advancing westward against NATO. The final section reviews the history of the USA Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) to show the many ways in which the USA Air Force has served American national security policy on the continent. This section is closely based on a brief history of the USAFE prepared by Dr. Daniel Harrington of USAFE's history office. DTIC
Europe; International Relations; Military Operations; North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO); Politics; Security; United States
20050244811 Air Force History Support Office, Bolling AFB, Washington, DC USA
That Others May Live: USAF Air Rescue in Korea
Marion, Forrest L.; Jan. 1, 2004; 60 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A440090; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
When the Korean War began in June 1950, the USA Air Force's Air Rescue Service was a fledgling organization possessing a variety of aircraft types, most having seen service during World War II. The concept of using helicopters and amphibious fixed-wing aircraft to rescue airmen downed behind enemy lines or in hostile waters had gained little consideration by the Air Force and was largely unproven. But by the fall of 1950, the 3d Air Rescue Squadron had begun to write a new chapter in the history of air power, and by July 1953, when the armistice was signed in Korea, air rescue had become established as an integral part of U.S. fighting forces. Although the H-5 and H-19 helicopters and SA-16 amphibians gained attention worldwide by virtue of countless daring rescues performed throughout the war, lesser known aircraft such as the L-5, SC-47, SB-17, and SB-29 also played important roles in building the U.S. Air Force's overall air rescue capability in the Korean War theater. DTIC
Korea; Rescue Operations; Warfare
20050244812 Air Force History Support Office, Bolling AFB, Washington, DC USA
Mig Alley: The Fight for Air Superiority
Y'Blood, William T.; Jan. 1, 2000; 53 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A440091; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
The fight for air superiority began the day the Korean War started and only ended with the armistice 3 years later. Once the shock of the North Koreans' invasion wore off, it did not take long for the USAAir Force, assisted by other United Nations air forces, to destroy the North Korean Air Force. The arrival of the MiG-15 in November 1950, often flown by Soviet pilots, changed things considerably, however. For the remainder of the war, bitterly contested air battles were fought almost daily. Yet despite a decided numerical superiority in jet fighters, the Communists were never able to gain air superiority, testament to the skill and training of the United Nations fighter pilots, primarily those U.S. Air Force airmen flying the magnificent F-86 Sabre. DTIC
Fighter Aircraft; Jet Aircraft; North Korea; Warfare
20050244843 Deputy Chief of Staff, Plans and Operations (Air Force), Washington, DC USA
Lessons Learned from the F/A-22 and F/A-18E/F Development Programs
Younossi, Obaid; Stem, David E.; Lorell, Mark A.; Lussier, Frances M.; Jan. 1, 2005; 95 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): F49642-01-C-0003 Report No.(s): AD-A440032; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
From the late 1980s through the present, the U.S. Air Force and the U.S. Navy have been acquiring two multirole fighter aircraft platforms. The Air Force has pursued the F/A-22, the world's first supersonic stealth fighter, while the Navy has developed the F/A-18E/F, a carrier-capable fighter with air-to-air, interdiction, and close air support capability. Currently, the F/A-22 is in the late stages of development, while the F/A-18E/F is in full production and has already been deployed in Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom. The design of the F/A-22 includes advancements in all the major areas of the aircraft, including airframe, avionics, and propulsion. The airframe incorporates an advanced stealth design to lower its radar cross section and uses large amounts of advanced materials, such as composites and titanium. The integrated avionics suite of the aircraft brings together information collected from several sensors on the aircraft to be displayed to the pilot. The propulsion system features two high thrust, Pratt and Whitney, F119 jet engines to allow the F/A-22 to supercruise above the speed of sound without using the fuel-consuming afterburner. The airframe design, flight controls, and thrust vectoring are also used to improve the maneuverability of the aircraft. The F/A-18E/F Super Hornet was designed to be an upgrade to the existing F/A-18A/B/C/D multirole aircraft fleet. The program sought to increase the aircraft's range, payload, and survivability. The program was an outgrowth of a Secretary of Defense memorandum from July 1987, directing the Navy to investigate advanced versions of the F/A-18 for 2000 and beyond. The trade studies, known as Hornet 2000, led to a Milestone IV/II review in March 1992 to begin formal Engineering and Manufacturing Development (EMD) of the program in July 1992. DTIC
Fighter Aircraft; F-22 Aircraft; F-117a Aircraft; Product Development
20050245162 Defense Acquisition Univ., Fort Belvoir, VA USA
F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) Program: Background, Status, and Issues
Bolkcom, Christopher; Aug. 29, 2005; 31 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A439485; CRS-RL30563; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
The Defense Department's F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) is one of three aircraft programs at the center of current debate over tactical aviation, the others being the Air Force F/A-22 fighter and the Navy F/A-18E/F fighter/attack plane. In November 1996, the Defense Department selected two major aerospace companies, Boeing and Lockheed Martin, to demonstrate competing designs for the JSF, a jointservice and multi-role fighter/attack plane. On October 26, 2001, the Lockheed Martin team was selected to develop further and to produce a family of conventional take-off and landing (CTOL), carrier-capable (CV), and short take-off vertical landing (STOVL) aircraft for the U. S. Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps and the U. K. Royal Navy as well as other allied services. Originally designated the Joint Advanced Strike Technology (JAST) program, the JSF program is a major issue in Congress because of concerns about its cost and budgetary impact, effects on the defense industrial base, and implications for U.S. national security in the early 21st century. DTIC
Fighter Aircraft; Aerospace Industry; Stovl Aircraft
20050245237 Hughes Technical Center, Atlantic City International Airport, NJ, USA
Evaluation of the 12-Second Vertical Bunsen Burner Test Used to Determine the Fireworthiness of Aircraft Duct Materials
Reinhardt, J. W.; Oct. 2005; 32 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2006-101519; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
This technical note provides the technical approach and test results of the evaluation of the currently used FederalAviation Administration certification test, known as the 12-second vertical Bunsen burner test, to certify aircraft ducts and conduits. NTIS
Air Conditioning Equipment; Burners; Ducts; Fire Prevention; Fires
20050245238 Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, DC, USA
Intrinsically Safe Current Limit Study for Aircraft Fuel Tank Electronics
Ochs, R. I.; Oct. 2005; 24 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2006-101520; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
This technical note describes research performed to determine the ignition hazard presented by small fragments of superfine steel wool that contact energized direct current wires in aircraft fuel tanks. Several different methods of shorting a circuit with steel wool were explored. An ignitable mixture of hydrogen, oxygen, and argon, calibrated to have a minimum ignition energy of 200 micro Joules, was used as an ignition detection technique. The electrical currents at the ignition threshold were recorded to determine safe maximum allowable current limits for fuel tank electronics. The lowest current found to ignite the flammable mixture was 99 milliamps (mA); the lowest current found to ignite a steel wool wad in air only was 45 mA. NTIS
Fire Prevention; Fuel Tanks; Jet Engine Fuels
20050245239 Celeris Aerospace Canada, Inc., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Consolidation and Analysis of Loading Data in Firefighting Operations: Analysis of Existing Data and Definition of Preliminary Air Tanker and Lead Aircraft Spectra
Hall, S. R.; Oct. 2005; 96 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DTFACT-03-C-00028 Report No.(s): PB2006-101516; CAC/TR/04-016; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
This report contains documentation and analysis of existing loads spectra data, obtained from fixed-wing aircraft involved in the aerial firefighting role and operating as both air tankers and lead aircraft. Where appropriate, spectra from aircraft in other low-level roles, such as agricultural spraying, are included to demonstrate the relative severity of air tanker operations. Based on the analysis of the usage data and a relative damage criterion, preliminary spectra for different categories of air tanker operations are proposed. Every attempt was made to err on the side of conservatism; however, the inherent variation associated with air tanker operations may result in occasional occurrences outside the proposed spectra. Therefore, until more data becomes available, it is recommended that the proposed spectra be used in conjunction with structural health monitoring programs to ensure that the associated assumptions are not violated. Finally, it should be noted that most of the data and the spectra themselves are based on center-of-gravity acceleration data and, therefore, are applicable to structure contained within the center wing and fuselage of an aircraft. NTIS
Consolidation; Fire Fighting; Gust Loads; Tanker Aircraft
Source: NASA.
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