SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL AEROSPACE REPORTS
A Biweekly Publication of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
VOLUME 43, ISSUE 16 - AUGUST 12, 2005
03 AIR TRANSPORTATION AND SAFETY
Includes passenger and cargo air transport operations; airport ground operations; flight safety and hazards; and aircraft accidents.
Systems and hardware specific to ground operations of aircraft and to airport construction are covered in 09 Research and Support Facilities (Air).
Air traffic control is covered in 04 Aircraft Communications and Navigation.
For related information see also 16 Space Transportation and Safety and 85 Technology Utilization and Surface Transportation.
20050188563 Joint Chiefs of Staff, Washington, DC USA
Joint Doctrine for Airspace Control in the Combat Zone
Aug. 2004; 94 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A434108; JCS-JP-3-52; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A05, Hardcopy
This publication provides broad doctrinal guidance for joint forces involved in the use of airspace over the combat zone and contiguous areas. Airspace control as described in this publication includes the varied airspace of the combat zone foreign continent, high seas, amphibious objective area, littoral, or the North American Continent outside the USA, as well as contiguous areas such as the communications zone. Airspace control as described in this publication applies to the broadest interpretation of areas where combat forces are required to conduct operations, including operations other than war. The inherent nature of air operations demands strict compliance with terrestrial boundaries. Therefore, airspace control functions must ensure smooth transition from noncombat air traffic control to integrated air operations in the combat zone. DTIC
Airspace; Combat
20050188604 Air Force Inst. of Tech., Wright-Patterson AFB, OH USA
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Parachute Extraction of a Generic Store from a C-130; a CFD Proof of Concept
Platt, Stephen C.; Mar. 2005; 87 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A434226; AFIT/GAE/ENY/05-M17; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A05, Hardcopy
This thesis encompasses a feasibility analysis of a parachute extracted generic precision guided munition from the cargo bay of a C-130 aircraft in flight. This analysis utilizes the USAF Beggar code and incorporates full physics effects as well as aerodynamic loading assuming an inviscid aircraft and viscous store for a time-accurate solution. Both an immediate and time varying application of the parachute force are utilized as well as two different ordnance body styles at zero and 5 degreesAOA with the store placed on centerline and offset in the cargo bay. The time accurate parachute model is based on empirical data and more closely follows the force fall off as the parachute slows down during the extraction process. Both store body styles were successfully extracted from the cargo bay without contacting any portion of the delivery aircraft, following a safe trajectory down and away from all of the release conditions. The extraction took 1.7 seconds with the immediate application of the parachute force and 2.1 seconds when the time varying model was applied. The maximum roll seen during an extraction was 13 degrees, which was the largest movement on any axis. DTIC
Computational Fluid Dynamics; Extraction; Parachutes
20050188770 Army Research Inst. for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, Fort Rucker, AL USA
Cohesion in Sports and Organizational Psychology: An Annotated Bibliography and Suggestions for U.S. Army Aviation (1993 to 2003)
Grice, Robert L.; Katz, Lawrence C.; Apr. 2005; 106 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): Proj-A790 Report No.(s): AD-A434528; ARI-TR-1159; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A06, Hardcopy
Cohesion has long been a core concept in psychology and sociology, and has garnered a great deal of attention by both Organizational and Sports Psychology in the past decade. Although the U.S. Army has increasingly viewed cohesion as a key to the success of combat operations, a comprehensive review of the cohesion literature yielded few studies specifically addressing the construct in military rotary=wing aircrews. The purpose of this review was to examine the Organizational and Sports Psychology bodies of literature from the past decade to identify a set of characteristics associated with cohesive teams that can readily be applied to the Army rotary-wing aviation environment. The primary characteristics gleaned from this research are summarized, and a 4-dimension description of cohesion is presented. Suggestions for building cohesive Army aviation units are offered. In addition, an annotated bibliography of the key studies from which these dimensions emerged is provided. DTIC
Annotations; Bibliographies; Cohesion; Psychology
20050192474 NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
Pilot Preference, Compliance, and Performance With an Airborne Conflict Management Toolset
Doble, Nathan A.; Barhydt, Richard; Krishnamurthy, Karthik; [2005]; 6 pp.; In English; 2005 (13th) International Symposim on Aviation Psychology, 18-21 Apr. 2005, Oklahoma City, OK, USA Contract(s)/Grant(s): 23-137-10-10; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A02, Hardcopy
A human-in-the-loop experiment was conducted at the NASAAmes and Langley Research Centers, investigating the En Route Free Maneuvering component of a future air traffic management concept termed Distributed Air/Ground Traffic Management (DAG-TM). NASA Langley test subject pilots used the Autonomous Operations Planner (AOP) airborne toolset to detect and resolve traffic conflicts, interacting with subject pilots and air traffic controllers at NASA Ames. Experimental results are presented, focusing on conflict resolution maneuver choices, AOP resolution guidance acceptability, and performance metrics. Based on these results, suggestions are made to further improve the AOP interface and functionality. Author
Pilot Performance; Air Traffýc Controllers (Personnel); Air Traffýc Control; Autonomy; Test Pilots
20050194685 Lawrence Livermore National Lab., Livermore, CA USA
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Approach to Estimate the Localized Effects of an Aircraft Crash on a Facility
Kimura, C. Y.; Sanzo, D. L.; Sharirli, M.; Apr. 2004; 20 pp.; In English Report No.(s): DE2005-15014106; UCRL-CONF-203793; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge
Aircraft crashes are an element of external events required to be analyzed and documented in facility Safety Analysis Reports (SARs) and Nuclear Explosive Safety Studies (NESSs). This paper discusses the localized effects of an aircraft crash impact into the Device Assembly Facility (DAF) located at the Nevada Test Site (NTS), given that the aircraft hits the facility. This was done to gain insight into the robustness of the DAF and to account for the special features of the DAF that enhance its ability to absorb the effects of an aircraft crash. For the purpose of this paper, localized effects are considered to be only perforation or scabbing of the facility. This paper presents an extension to the aircraft crash risk methodology of Department of Energy (DOE) Standard 3014. This extension applies to facilities that may find it necessary or desirable to estimate the localized effects of an aircraft crash hit on a facility of nonuniform construction or one that is shielded in certain directions by surrounding terrain or buildings. NTIS
Crashes; Aircraft Accidents; Test Facilities
20050195902 Bolt, Beranek, and Newman, Inc., Cambridge, MA USA
Global Air Mobility Advanced Technologies (GAMAT) Advanced Technology Development (ATD) Phase II Research and Development
Kuper, Samuel R.; Scott, Ronald; Kazmierczak, Thomas; Roth, Emilie; Whitaker, Randall; May 2004; 146 pp.; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): F33601-03-F-0064; Proj-4923 Report No.(s): AD-A434607; AFRL-HE-WP-TR-2005-0023; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A07, Hardcopy
This is the final report documenting the AFRL/HEC effort entitled Global Air Mobility Advanced Technologies (GAMAT) in its ‘Phase II’ period. The Phase II effort was undertaken as an extension and expansion of the GAMAT Phase I effort. This demonstration capability was developed under the Air Force Research Laboratory Human Effectiveness Directorate’s Global Air Mobility Advanced Technologies (GAMAT) Advanced Technology Development (ATD) research and development program. The goal of the GAMAT ATD was to further the development of a new type of user interface technology called Work-Centered Support System (WCSS) technology. The U.S. Air Force’s Air Mobility Command’s command and control environment was used as the domain for development, testing and refinement of WCSS theories and technology applications. Work-Centered Support System (WCSS) technology is a new cognitive-science-based analysis and design methodology for developing human-computer interfaces and client applications that enable very high user productivity, especially in dynamic and information dense environments. The WCSS technology is applicable to any domain and leverages cognitive analyses and advanced user interface design techniques to provide ‘intuitive’ user interfaces and client applications customized based on the work requirements. The analysis and design approach is designed to support rapid user adaptation to both routine and non-routine/unexpected events. DTIC
Cognition; Command and Control; Human-Computer Interface; Mobility; Support Systems
20050196188 Air Force Academy, CO USA
Aerospace Power in Urban Warfare: Beware the Hornet’s Nest
Hunt, Peter C.; May 2001; 63 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A435089; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
This is the 39th volume in the Occasional Paper series of the U.S. Air Force Institute for National Security Studies (INSS). Aerospace power has emerged as a primary military instrument of choice in pursuing national objectives within the complex international security environment entering the 21st century. Changes in the security landscape, the dynamics of sub-theater conflicts, and coalition imperatives combine to place new requirements on aerospace operational planning and the conduct of aerospace operations themselves. Occasional Papers 38 and 39 address, in turn, both political and operational dimensions of aerospace power application today. They are presented both for informational and educational purposes to offer informed perspectives on important aspects of contemporary aerospace operations, to generate informed discussion and to bound productive debate on aerospace power in both supported and supporting roles. In Occasional Paper 38, ‘Constraints, Restraints, and the Role of Aerospace Power in the 21st Century,’ Jeffrey Beene presents a comprehensive examination of the use of aerospace power within tightly restrained conflicts and suggests improvements in doctrine, training, and tools to more effectively employ such power within that environment. In this Occasional Paper, ‘Aerospace Power in Urban Warfare: Beware the Hornet’s Nest,’ Peter Hunt examines the employment of aerospace power in the increasingly important urban operational environment. Aerospace technologies and systems offer alternatives and important adjuncts to surface forces in the urban arena, but significant obstacles and critical considerations must be brought into planning for such operations. Each of these aspects of aerospace power demands greater thought and analysis, and these two occasional papers are presented to help focus that attention. DTIC
Aerospace Systems; Military Operations; Warfare
20050196253 Industrial Coll. of the Armed Forces, Washington, DC USA
Transportation Industry 2004
Miller, Evan; Kathir, Nathan; Brogan, Dennis M.; Jan. 2004; 32 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A435197; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
This paper presents a strategic-level examination of the transportation industry -- an industry vital to national prosperity and security. Because the defense sector relies on commercial transportation for both peacetime activities and for power projection, senior military leaders must understand the global transportation industry and the environment in which the private sector operates. They must also assess the role of government in determining transportation policy, as federal, state, and local agencies regulate every mode of this industry. While the U.S. transportation industry functions well today, the industry must address several challenges, particularly in light of forecasts that global trade will double by 2020. Issues common across all modes of transportation include the growth of intermodal transport, the capital-intensive nature of the industry structure, the need to carefully focus technological investment, planning for infrastructure capacity, replacing an aging workforce, and coping with uncertain fuel costs. Security concerns following the terrorist attacks of September 11 require transportation leaders to regularly conduct risk assessments and provide additional security when warranted. These initiatives have been prudently balanced with the need to provide reliable, cost-effective transportation to fuel the economic engine of the USA. After defining the industry in terms of each of the five different modes (i.e.,shipping, trucking, railroads, air, and pipelines), this report reviews the industry’s current conditions, challenges, outlook, and government roles and regulations. Also included are three essays on subjects current to the industry: Aviation Treaties, Short Sea Shipping, and Tanker-Civil Reserve Air Fleet (CRAF). Given what the authors learned firsthand from government and private industry leaders, they conclude that the U.S. transportation industry is generally in good health and should remain so for the foreseeable future. 7 DTIC
Economics; Forecasting; Industries; Policies; Security; Transportation; United States
20050196276 Air Force Inst. of Tech., Wright-Patterson AFB, OH USA
A Three Dimensional Helmet Mounted Primary Flight Reference for Paratroopers
Thompson, Jason I.; Mar. 2005; 144 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.(s): AD-A435253; AFIT/GCS/ENG/05-18; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
This thesis seeks to develop a Heads Up Display (HUD) presented on a Helmet Mounted Display (HMD), which presents a three-dimensional, graphical, predictive navigational reference to a paratrooper during a High Altitude, High Opening (HAHO) parachute jump. A Path Generating Algorithm (PGA) takes as input the Landing Zone’s (LZ) location, the wind profile, and the paratrooper’s parachute’s performance characteristics, and returns a set of waypoints for the paratrooper to follow. The PGA attempts to maximize the distance that the paratrooper travels. The PGA’s output is used to build a path to the LZ from a Release Point (RP). During the jump, GPS signals and an Inertial Measurement Unit functioning as a head tracker is used to determine the user’s location and head orientation. The HUD presents a virtual ‘Tunnel in the Sky’ for the paratrooper to navigate through. Due to hardware unavailability, the head tracker could not be implemented. Ground testing of the system sans the head tracker determined that subjects using the graphical HUD navigated a path slower than when compared to a baseline navigational reference. It is theorized that implementing the head tracker will make the HUD more efficient and better suited to navigation. DTIC
Algorithms; Display Devices; Flight Paths; Helmet Mounted Displays; Helmets; Navigation
20050196672 NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
Safer Aircraft Possible With Nitrogen Generation
Palaszewski, Bryan A.; Research and Technology 2000; March 2001; 2 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy
A system named On-Board Inert Gas Generation System/On-Board Oxygen Generation System (OBIGGS/OBOGS) was studied with Boeing. The study established the requirements for nitrogen purge (for fuel tank inerting and cargo compartment fire suppression) and oxygen (for passengers and crew). The nitrogen would be used for suppressing fires and fuel tank explosions on the aircraft, and the oxygen would be used for breathing gas during high-altitude or emergency operations. Derived from text
Aircraft Safety; Nitrogen; Aircraft Equipment; Oxygen Production; Purging
20050196673 NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
Safer Aviation Materials Tested
Palaszewski, Bryan A.; Research and Technology 2000; March 2001; 2 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy
A series of thermally stable polymer samples were tested. These materials are called low heat release materials and are designed for aircraft interior decorative materials. The materials are designed to give off a minimum amount of noxious gases when heated, which increases the possibility that people can escape from a burning aircraft. New cabin materials have suitably low heat release so that fire does not spread, toxic chemicals are not given off, and the fire-emergency escape time for crew and passengers is lengthened. These low heat-release materials have a variety of advantages and applications: interiors for ground-based facilities, interiors of space vehicles, and many commercial fire-protection environments. A microscale combustion calorimeter at the Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA) Technical Center tested NASA Langley Research Center materials samples. The calorimeter is shown. A sharp, quantitative, and reproducible heat-release-rate peak is obtained in the microscale heat-release-rate test. The newly tested NASA materials significantly reduced the heat release capacity and total heat release. The thermal stability and flammability behavior of the samples was very good. The new materials demonstrated a factor of 4 reduction in total heat release over ULTEM (a currently used material). This information is provided in the following barchart. In other tests, the materials showed greater than a factor 9 reduction in heat-release capacity over ULTEM. The newly tested materials were developed for low dielectric constant, low color, and good solubility. A scale up of the material samples is needed to determine the repeatability of the performance in larger samples. Larger panels composed of the best candidate materials will be tested in a larger scale FAA Technical Center fire facility. The NASA Glenn Research Center, Langley (Jeff Hinkley), and the FAA Technical Center (Richard Lyon) cooperatively tested these materials for the Accident Mitigation aspects of Fire Prevention under NASA’s Aviation Safety Program. Author
Polymers; Composite Materials; Flight Safety
20050196743 General Accounting Office, Washington, DC, USA
National Airspace System: FAA Has Made Progress but Continues to Face Challenges in Acquiring Major Air Traffic Control Systems
Jun. 2005; 96 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2005-109024; GAO-05-331; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A05, Hardcopy
The Federal Aviation Administrations (FAA) multibillion-dollar effort to modernize the nations air traffic control (ATC) system has suffered from cost, schedule, and/or performance shortfalls in its system acquisitions for more than two decades and has been on our list of high risk programs since 1995. FAAs performance-based Air Traffic Organization (ATO) was created in February 2004, in part, to address these legacy challenges. In this report, GAO examined (1) FAAs experience in meeting cost, schedule, and performance targets for majorATC system acquisitions; (2) steps taken to address legacy problems with the program and additional steps needed; and (3) the potential impact of the constrained federal budget on this program. NTIS
Air Traffýc Control; Airspace
20050198878 NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
NASA’s Research in Aircraft Vulnerability Mitigation
Allen, Cheryl L.; [2005]; 11 pp.; In English; 46th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, 18-21 Apr. 2005, Austin, TX, USA Contract(s)/Grant(s): 23-076-10-CA Report No.(s): AIAA Paper 2005-2385; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy
Since its inception in 1958, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration s (NASA) role in civil aeronautics has been to develop high-risk, high-payoff technologies to meet critical national aviation challenges. Following the events of Sept. 11, 2001, NASA recognized that it now shared the responsibility for improving homeland security. The NASA Strategic Plan was modified to include requirements to enable a more secure air transportation system by investing in technologies and collaborating with other agencies, industry, and academia. NASA is conducting research to develop and advance innovative and commercially viable technologies that will reduce the vulnerability of aircraft to threats or hostile actions, and identify and inform users of potential vulnerabilities in a timely manner. Presented in this paper are research plans and preliminary status for mitigating the effects of damage due to direct attacks on civil transport aircraft. The NASA approach to mitigation includes: preventing loss of an aircraft due to a hit from man-portable air defense systems; developing fuel system technologies that prevent or minimize in-flight vulnerability to small arms or other projectiles; providing protection from electromagnetic energy attacks by detecting directed energy threats to aircraft and on/off-board systems; and minimizing the damage due to high-energy attacks (explosions and fire) by developing advanced lightweight, damage-resistant composites and structural concepts. An approach to preventing aircraft from being used as weapons of mass destruction will also be discussed. Author
Security; Air Transportation; Civil Aviation; NASA Programs; Aircraft Safety
20050198957 NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
Fractographic Examination of the Vertical Stabilizer and Rudder from American Airlines Flight 587
Fox, Matthew R.; Schultheisz, Carl R.; Reeder, James R.; [2005]; 12 pp.; In English; 46th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, 18-21 Apr. 2005, Austin, TX, USA; Original contains color and black and white illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): 23-762-55-TA Report No.(s): AIAA Paper 2005-2252; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy
The first major structural component failure of a composite part on a commercial airplane occurred during the crash of American Airlines Flight 587. The fractured composite lugs that attached the vertical stabilizer to the aircraft tail and the fractured composite honeycomb rudder were examined as part of the National Transportation Safety Board investigation of the accident. In this paper the composite fractures are described and the resulting clues to the failure events are discussed. Author
Component Reliability; Rudders; Structural Failure; Aircraft Accidents; Flight Safety; Fractures (Materials); Lugs
20050199068 NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
NASA Structural Analysis Report on the American Airlines Flight 587 Accident - Local Analysis of the Right Rear Lug
Raju, Ivatury S; Glaessgen, Edward H.; Mason, Brian H; Krishnamurthy, Thiagarajan; Davila, Carlos G; January 2005; 21 pp.; In English; 46th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, 18-21 Apr. 2005, Austin, TX, USA Contract(s)/Grant(s): 23-762-10-13 Report No.(s): AIAA Paper 2005-2255; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy
A detailed finite element analysis of the right rear lug of the American Airlines Flight 587 - Airbus A300-600R was performed as part of the National Transportation Safety Board's failure investigation of the accident that occurred on November 12, 2001.
The loads experienced by the right rear lug are evaluated using global models of the vertical tail, local models near the right rear lug, and a global-local analysis procedure. The right rear lug was analyzed using two modeling approaches.
In the first approach, solid-shell type modeling is used, and in the second approach, layered-shell type modeling is used. The solid-shell and the layered-shell modeling approaches were used in progressive failure analyses (PFA) to determine the load, mode, and location of failure in the right rear lug under loading representative of an Airbus certification test conducted in 1985 (the 1985-certification test). Both analyses were in excellent agreement with each other on the predicted failure loads, failure mode, and location of failure.
The solid-shell type modeling was then used to analyze both a subcomponent test conducted by Airbus in 2003 (the 2003-subcomponent test) and the accident condition. Excellent agreement was observed between the analyses and the observed failures in both cases.
From the analyses conducted and presented in this paper, the following conclusions were drawn. The moment, Mx (moment about the fuselage longitudinal axis), has significant effect on the failure load of the lugs. Higher absolute values of Mx give lower failure loads. The predicted load, mode, and location of the failure of the 1985-certification test, 2003-subcomponent test, and the accident condition are in very good agreement. This agreement suggests that the 1985-certification and 2003- subcomponent tests represent the accident condition accurately. The failure mode of the right rear lug for the 1985-certification test, 2003-subcomponent test, and the accident load case is identified as a cleavage-type failure. For the accident case, the predicted failure load for the right rear lug from the PFA is greater than 1.98 times the limit load of the lugs. Author
Accident Investigation; Aircraft Accidents; Finite Element Method; Failure Analysis; Safety Management; Structural Analysis
20050199435 NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
Aeronautical-Satellite-Assisted Process Being Developed for Information Exchange Through Network Technologies (Aero-SAPIENT)
Zernic, Michael J.; Research and Technology 2000; March 2001; 3 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy
Communications technologies are being developed to address safety issues during aviation travel.
Some of these technologies enable the aircraft to be in constant bidirectional communications with necessary systems, people, and other aircraft that are not currently in place today. Networking technologies, wireless datalinks, and advanced avionics techniques are areas of particular importance that the NASA Glenn Research Center has contributed.
Glenn, in conjunction with the NASA Ames Research Center, NASA Dryden Flight Research Center, and NASA Langley Research Center, is investigating methods and applications that would utilize these communications technologies.
In mid-June 2000, the flight readiness of the network and communications technologies were demonstrated via a simulated aircraft. A van simulating an aircraft was equipped with advanced phased-array antennas (Advanced Communications/Air Traffic Management (AC/ATM) Advanced Air Transportation Technologies (AATT) project) that used commercial Ku-band satellite communications to connect Glenn, Dryden, and Ames in a combined system ground test. This test simulated air-ground bidirectional transport of real-time digital audio, text, and video data via a hybrid network configuration that demonstrated the flight readiness of the network and communications technologies. Specifically, a Controller Pilot Data Link Communications application was used with other applications to demonstrate a multiprotocol capability via Internet-protocol encapsulated ATN (Aeronautical Telecommunications Network) data packets.
The significance of this combined ground test is its contribution to the Aero Information Technology Base Program Level I milestone (Software Technology investment area) of a real-time data link for the National Airspace System. The objective of this milestone was to address multiprotocol technology applicable for real-time data links between aircraft, a satellite, and the ground as well as the ability to distribute flight data with multilevel priorities among several sites. Author
Aeronautical Satellites; Satellite Communication; Telecommunication; Information Systems; Radio Communication
Source: NASA.
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