SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL AEROSPACE REPORTS
A Biweekly Publication of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
VOLUME 43, ISSUE 19 - SEPTEMBER 23, 2005
03 AIR TRANSPORTATION AND SAFETY
Includes passenger and cargo air transport operations; airport ground operations; flight safety and hazards; and aircraft accidents.
Systems and hardware specific to ground operations of aircraft and to airport construction are covered in 09 Research and Support Facilities (Air).
Air traffic control is covered in 04 Aircraft Communications and Navigation.
For related information see also 16 Space Transportation and Safety and 85 Technology Utilization and Surface Transportation.
20050210158 General Accounting Office, Washington, DC, USA
Intermodal Transportation: Potential Strategies Would Redefine Federal Role in Developing Airport Intermodal Capabilities
Jul. 2005; 108 pp.; In English Report No.(s): PB2005-109443; GAO-05-727; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A06, Hardcopy
With the number of airplane passengers using U.S. airports expected to grow to almost 1 billion by the year 2015, ground access to U.S. airports has become an important factor in the development of our nation’s transportation networks. Increases in the number of passengers traveling to and from airports will place greater strains on our nation’s airport access roads and airport capacity, which can have a number of negative economic and social effects. U.S. transportation policy has generally addressed these negative economic and social effects from the standpoint of individual transportation modes and local government involvement. However, European transportation policy is increasingly focusing on intermodal transportation as a possible means to address congestion without sacrificing economic growth. This report addresses the development of intermodal capabilities at U.S. airports, including (1) the roles of different levels of government and the private sector; (2) the extent such facilities have been developed; (3) benefits, costs, and barriers to such development; and (4) strategies to improve these capabilities. NTIS
Airports; Management Planning; Transportation
20050212264 Army Agency for Aviation Safety, Fort Rucker, AL USA
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Autorotations: A Survey of Army Aviator Opinion
McDaniel, William C.; Jun. 1976; 27 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A436424; USAAAVS-TR-75-1; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy
Autorotation is heavily relied on as a rotary wing (R/W) emergency maneuver. Previous studies have implied that skills developed and maintained during practice of this maneuver result in a reduction of error in an actual emergency. Because of the large number of accidents occurring while touchdown autorotations are being practiced, conditions under which such practice is permitted have become more stringent. With increasing restrictions on the practice of touchdown autorotations, the question that ultimately arises is, ‘What would happen if such practice was terminated?’ In other words, what is the accident risk of possible reductions in emergency autorotation proficiency as a tradeoff for no accidents in practicing touchdown autorotations? Obviously, the need to practice touchdown autorotations has generated considerable controversy. This report analyzes the responses of 7,602 Army aviators in 1971 concerning their opinions about the necessity for practicing touchdown autorotations. Results indicate participating Army aviators strongly favor continuing a policy practicing touchdown autorotations. Validity of this opinion was tested by comparison of aviator responses across a wide range of background and experience. This opinion is more extreme for participating aviators who are exposed more to situations that may require execution of an emergency autorotation, (i.e., rotary-wing-only qualified aviators flying single engine aircraft a high number of hours annually). The strength and consistent nature of the aviators’ responses indicate this opinion is unlikely to change in the near future. DTIC
Aircraft Pilots; Autorotation; Flight Training; Military Personnel; Pilots; Rotary Wing Aircraft; Surveys; Touchdown
20050212339 Air Force Research Lab., Kirkland AFB, NM USA
Modeling Relative Position Relative Velocity and Range Rate for Formation Flying
McLaughlin, Craig A.; Sabol, Chris; Swank, Aaron; Burns, Richard D.; Luu, K. K.; Jan. 2002; 23 pp.; In English Report No.(s): AD-A436585; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy
The relative position, relative velocity, and range rate evolution is examined for various formations of satellites. A simple analytical model including Earth oblateness effects for the equations of relative motion is presented. This model provides physical insight into the Earth oblateness effects that are neglected by using Hill’s equations. The accuracy of the relative position, relative velocity, and range rate predictions for the analytical model are compared to realistic force modeling obtained using the Draper Semianalytical Satellite Theory for Formations of varying size, inclination, and altitude. DTIC
Altitude; Formation Flying; Models; Space Flight
20050214037 General Electric Aircraft Engines, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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GE UEET Systems Study and Demonstration Plan
Seda, Jorge; NASA Glenn Research Center UEET (Ultra-Efficient Engine Technology) Program: Agenda and Abstracts; [2001], pp. 44; In English; See also 20050214031; No Copyright; Abstract Only; Available from CASI only as part of the entire parent document
To ensure a steady growth in airline travel and retain a pre-eminent U.S. position in the aerospace industry into the 21st century, aircraft passenger mile costs must be reduced while meeting more stringent environmental regulations.
GEAE’s UEET engine concept was designed to revolutionize the state of the art in propulsion technology with the biggest reduction in aircraft fuel burn, CO2, NO(x), noise and Engine Related Operating Cost relative to a baseline engine.
Multifunctional revolutionary engine technologies were carefully integrated to achieve the best balance between challenging and contradictory program goals with an EIS of 2015. Author
Operating Costs; Cost Reduction; Airline Operations; Aerospace Industry; Regulations
20050214139 NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
Microfabricated Chemical Sensors for Aerospace Fire Detection Applications
Hunter, Gary W.; Neudeck, Philip G.; Fralick, Gustave; Thomas, Valarie; Makel, D.; Liu, C. C.; Ward, B.; Wu, Q. H.; [2001]; 1 pp.; In English; International Fire and Cabin Safety Conference, 22-25 Oct. 2001, Atlantic City, NJ, USA; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources; Abstract Only
The detection of fires on-board commercial aircraft is extremely important for safety reasons. Although dependable fire detection equipment presently exists within the cabin, detection of fire within the cargo hold has been less reliable and susceptible to false alarms. A second, independent method of fire detection to complement the conventional smoke detection techniques, such as the measurement of chemical species indicative of a fire, will help reduce false alarms and improve aircraft safety. Although many chemical species are indicative of a fire, two species of particular interest are CO and CO2. This paper discusses microfabricated chemical sensor development tailored to meet the needs of fire safety applications. This development is based on progress in three types of technology: 1) Micromachining and microfabrication (Microsystem) technology to fabricate miniaturized sensors. 2) The use of nanocrystalline materials to develop sensors with improved stability combined with higher sensitivity. 3) The development of high temperature semiconductors, especially silicon carbide. The individual sensor being developed and their level of maturity will be presented. Author
Fire Prevention; Safety; Detection; Fires; Aerospace Engineering
20050214429 NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
Preliminary Results Obtained in Integrated Safety Analysis of NASA Aviation Safety Program Technologies
Reveley, Mary S.; Research and Technology 2002; March 2003; 3 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy
The goal of the NASA Aviation Safety Program (AvSP) is to develop and demonstrate technologies that contribute to a reduction in the aviation fatal accident rate by a factor of 5 by the year 2007 and by a factor of 10 by the year 2022. Integrated safety analysis of day-to-day operations and risks within those operations will provide an understanding of the Aviation Safety Program portfolio. Safety benefits analyses are currently being conducted. Preliminary results for the Synthetic Vision Systems (SVS) and Weather Accident Prevention (WxAP) projects of the AvSP have been completed by the Logistics Management Institute under a contract with the NASA Glenn Research Center. These analyses include both a reliability analysis and a computer simulation model. The integrated safety analysis method comprises two principal components: a reliability model and a simulation model. In the reliability model, the results indicate how different technologies and systems will perform in normal, degraded, and failed modes of operation. In the simulation, an operational scenario is modeled. The primary purpose of the SVS project is to improve safety by providing visual-flightlike situation awareness during instrument conditions. The current analyses are an estimate of the benefits of SVS in avoiding controlled flight into terrain. The scenario modeled has an aircraft flying directly toward a terrain feature. When the flight crew determines that the aircraft is headed toward an obstruction, the aircraft executes a level turn at speed. The simulation is ended when the aircraft completes the turn. Author
Safety; Aircraft Safety; Flight Safety
20050214800 NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
Methods Developed by the Tools for Engine Diagnostics Task to Monitor and Predict Rotor Damage in Real Time
Baaklini, George Y.; Smith, Kevin; Raulerson, David; Gyekenyesi, Andrew L.; Sawicki, Jerzy T.; Brasche, Lisa; Research and Technology 2002; March 2003; 3 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy
Tools for Engine Diagnostics is a major task in the Propulsion System Health Management area of the Single Aircraft Accident Prevention project under NASA s Aviation Safety Program. The major goal of the Aviation Safety Program is to reduce fatal aircraft accidents by 80 percent within 10 years and by 90 percent within 25 years. The goal of the Propulsion System Health Management area is to eliminate propulsion system malfunctions as a primary or contributing factor to the cause of aircraft accidents. The purpose of Tools for Engine Diagnostics, a 2-yr-old task, is to establish and improve tools for engine diagnostics and prognostics that measure the deformation and damage of rotating engine components at the ground level and that perform intermittent or continuous monitoring on the engine wing. In this work, nondestructive-evaluation-(NDE-) based technology is combined with model-dependent disk spin experimental simulation systems, like finite element modeling (FEM) and modal norms, to monitor and predict rotor damage in real time. Fracture mechanics time-dependent fatigue crack growth and damage-mechanics-based life estimation are being developed, and their potential use investigated. In addition, wireless eddy current and advanced acoustics are being developed for on-wing and just-in-time NDE engine inspection to provide deeper access and higher sensitivity to extend on-wing capabilities and improve inspection readiness. In the long run, these methods could establish a base for prognostic sensing while an engine is running, without any overt actions, like inspections. This damage-detection strategy includes experimentally acquired vibration-, eddy-current- and capacitance-based displacement measurements and analytically computed FEM-, modal norms-, and conventional rotordynamics-based models of well-defined damages and critical mass imbalances in rotating disks and rotors. Author
Rotor Dynamics; Damage; Aircraft Safety; Nondestructive Tests; Crack Propagation; Engine Parts; Fatigue (Materials); Finite Element Method
20050214819 NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
Aerospace Communications Security Technologies Demonstrated
Griner, James H.; Martzaklis, Konstantinos S.; Research and Technology 2002; March 2003; 3 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy
In light of the events of September 11, 2001, NASA senior management requested an investigation of technologies and concepts to enhance aviation security. The investigation was to focus on near-term technologies that could be demonstrated within 90 days and implemented in less than 2 years. In response to this request, an internal NASA Glenn Research Center Communications, Navigation, and Surveillance Aviation Security Tiger Team was assembled. The 2-year plan developed by the team included an investigation of multiple aviation security concepts, multiple aircraft platforms, and extensively leveraged datalink communications technologies. It incorporated industry partners from NASA’s Graphical Weather-in-the-Cockpit research, which is within NASA’s Aviation Safety Program. Two concepts from the plan were selected for demonstration: remote ‘black box,’ and cockpit/cabin surveillance. The remote ‘black box’ concept involves real-time downlinking of aircraft parameters for remote monitoring and archiving of aircraft data, which would assure access to the data following the loss or inaccessibility of an aircraft. The cockpit/cabin surveillance concept involves remote audio and/or visual surveillance of cockpit and cabin activity, which would allow immediate response to any security breach and would serve as a possible deterrent to such breaches. The datalink selected for the demonstrations was VDL Mode 2 (VHF digital link), the first digital datalink for air-ground communications designed for aircraft use. VDL Mode 2 is beginning to be implemented through the deployment of ground stations and aircraft avionics installations, with the goal of being operational in 2 years. The first demonstration was performed December 3, 2001, onboard the LearJet 25 at Glenn. NASA worked with Honeywell, Inc., for the broadcast VDL Mode 2 datalink capability and with actual Boeing 757 aircraft data. This demonstration used a cockpitmounted camera for video surveillance and a coupling to the intercom system for audio surveillance. Audio, video, and ‘black box’ data were simultaneously streamed to the ground, where they were displayed to a Glenn audience of senior management and aviation security team members. Author
Aerospace Engineering; Aircraft Safety; Airport Security; Commercial Aircraft; Technology Utilization; Aircraft Communication
Source: NASA.
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